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Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition, 226-233 (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013). \n10.\tLeRoith, D., Taylor, S. I. & Olefsky, J. M. Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, 6th ed., 1033 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004).\n11.\tPuri, D. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 166 (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014).\n12.\tNaik, P. Biochemistry, 164-166 (JP Medical Ltd, 2015).\n13.\tSnape, A., Papachristodoulou, D., Elliott, W. H. & Elliott, D. C. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 5th ed., 319 (OUP Oxford, 2014).\n14.\tRider MH, Bertrand L, Vertommen D, Michels PA, Rousseau GG, Hue L. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase\/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: head-to-head with a bifunctional enzyme that controls glycolysis.\u00a0Biochemical Journal. 2004;381(Pt 3):561-579. doi:10.1042\/BJ20040752.\n15.\tPretlow, T. G. & Pretlow, T. P. Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Selected Cancers, 330 (Academic Press, 2014).\n16.\tLammert, E. & Zeeb, M., Metabolism of Human Diseases: Organ Physiology and Pathophysiology, 284(Springer Science & Business Media, 2014).\n17.\tFerrier, D. Lippincott\u2019s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, 6th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n\nAerobic Respiration:\n1.\tChampe, P.C., Harvey R.A. & Ferrier, D.R. Biochemistry. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005).\n2.\tBerg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 7th ed. (W.H. Freeman and Company, 2010).\n3.\tBhagavan, N.V. Medical Biochemistry, 239-240 (Academic Press, 2002).\n4.\tVasudevan, D.M., Sreekumari, S. & Vaidyanathan, K. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students, 116-117 (JP Medical Ltd, 2013).\n5.\tTalwar, G.P. & Srivastava, L.M. Textbook of Biochemistry and Human Biology (PHI Learning, 2002). \n6.\tSadava, D.E., Hillis, D.M., Heller, H. C. & Berenbaum, M. Life: The Science of Biology, Vol. 1. (Macmillan, 2009). \n7.\tMcKee T. & McKee, J. Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life, 6th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2015).\n8.\tLieberman, M., Marks, A. D., Smith, C. M. & Marks, D. B. Marks\u2019 Essential Medical Biochemistry, 2nd ed., 275 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007).\n9.\tMartin, C.R. & Preedy, V. R. Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline, 167 (Academic Press, 2014).\n10.\tVandamme, E.J. Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors, 199 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).\n11.\tBaynes, J. & Dominiczak, M. H. Medical Biochemistry, 172-179 (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014).\n12.\tEspinal, J. Understanding Insulin Action: Principles and Molecular Mechanisms, 44 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).\n13.\tCicchillo RM, Iwig DF, Jones AD, et al. Lipoyl synthase requires two equivalents of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to synthesize one equivalent of lipoic acid. Biochemistry. 2004;43(21):6378-6386.\n14.\tChatterjea, M.N. & Shinde, R. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th ed., 186 (JP Medical Ltd, 2011).\n15.\tStenesh, J. Biochemistry, 273 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).\n16.\tRussell, P.J. Biology: The Dynamic Science, Volume 1,166 (Cengage Learning, 2008)\n17.\tNelson, D. L., Lehninger A.L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th ed. (Macmillan, 2008). \n18.\tLodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Scott, M. P., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H. & Matsudaira, P. Molecular Cell Biology, 6th ed., 320 (W. H. Freeman and Company, 2008).\n19.\tAllen, M. J., Hawkridge, F.M. & Cleary, S.F. Charge and Field Effects in Biosystems-2, 77 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).\n20.\tTashijan, A. H. & Armstrong, E. J. Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy, 883 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011).\n21.\tFerrier, D. Lippincott\u2019s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, 6th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n22.\tStillwell, W. An Introduction to Biological Membranes: From Bilayers to Rafts, 326 (Newnes, 2013).\n23.\tAlberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Volume 1, 364 (Courier Corporation, 1989).\n24.\tBissonnette, B. Pediatric Anesthesia, 233 (PMPH-USA, 2014. \n25.\tBerg, J.M. et. Al. 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Du. \u201cSignaling During Platelet Adhesion and Activation.\u201d Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 30, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2341\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207522.\nMa, Liang, and Anthony Dorling. \u201cThe Roles of Thrombin and Protease-Activated Receptors in Inflammation.\u201d Seminars in Immunopathology 34, no. 1 (January 2012): 63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-011-0281-9.\nMackman, Nigel. \u201cThe Role of Tissue Factor and Factor VIIa in Hemostasis:\u201d Anesthesia & Analgesia 108, no. 5 (May 2009): 1447\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ane.0b013e31819bceb1.\nOkafor, Osita N., and Diana A. Gorog. \u201cEndogenous Fibrinolysis.\u201d Journal of the American College of Cardiology 65, no. 16 (April 2015): 1683\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.02.040.\nSyrovets, T., O. Lunov, and T. Simmet. \u201cPlasmin as a Proinflammatory Cell Activator.\u201d Journal of Leukocyte Biology 92, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 509\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0212056.\nTravers, R. J., S. A. Smith, and J. H. Morrissey. \u201cPolyphosphate, Platelets, and Coagulation.\u201d International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 37 (May 2015): 31\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijlh.12349.\nVersteeg, Henri H., Johan W. M. Heemskerk, Marcel Levi, and Pieter H. Reitsma. \u201cNew Fundamentals in Hemostasis.\u201d Physiological Reviews 93, no. 1 (January 2013): 327\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00016.2011.\nWhiteheart, S. 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Vannella. \u201cMacrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 3 (March 2016): 450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015.\nWynn, Thomas, and Luke Barron. \u201cMacrophages: Master Regulators of Inflammation and Fibrosis.\u201d Seminars in Liver Disease 30, no. 03 (August 2010): 245\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1255354.\nYanai, Hideyuki, David Savitsky, Tomohiko Tamura, and Tadatsugu Taniguchi. \u201cRegulation of the Cytosolic DNA-Sensing System in Innate Immunity: A Current View.\u201d Current Opinion in Immunology 21, no. 1 (February 2009): 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.005.\n\n"},{"id":"2107","urlId":"innate-adaptive-immune-systems","name":"Innate & Adaptive Immune Systems","tutorials":[{"id":"1460","urlId":"innate-immune-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Innate Immune Response","duration":"469","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1460-1695234411987.png","hasQuizQuestions":7,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1865","urlId":"effector-cell-functions","format":"drawing-highlight","role":"introduction","title":"Effector Cell Functions","duration":"167","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1865-1652468488988.png","hasQuizQuestions":4,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1864","urlId":"antibody-functions","format":"drawing-highlight","role":"default","title":"Antibody Functions","duration":"76","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1864-1652464973898.png","hasQuizQuestions":3,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1461","urlId":"adaptive-immunity---cellular-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Adaptive Immunity - Cellular Response","demo":"extended-demo","duration":"705","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1461-1695758668088.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1459","urlId":"adaptive-immunity---humoral-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Adaptive Immunity - Humoral Response","duration":"556","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1459-1695750610746.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0}],"citations":"Includes inflammation and immunity\n\n* \u201c070600 The Immune System.\u201d ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY, 2000, 14.\nAkira, Shizuo, Satoshi Uematsu, and Osamu Takeuchi. \u201cPathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity.\u201d Cell 124, no. 4 (February 2006): 783\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015.\n* Bradding, Peter. \u201cAsthma: Eosinophil Disease, Mast Cell Disease, or Both?\u201d Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 4, no. 2 (2008): 84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1710-1492-4-2-84.\n* Brandstadter, Joshua D., and Yiping Yang. \u201cNatural Killer Cell Responses to Viral Infection.\u201d Journal of Innate Immunity 3, no. 3 (2011): 274\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000324176.\n* De Smet, Kris, and Roland Contreras. \u201cHuman Antimicrobial Peptides: Defensins, Cathelicidins and Histatins.\u201d Biotechnology Letters 27, no. 18 (September 2005): 1337\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-005-0936-5.\n* Esensten, Jonathan\u00a0H., Ynes\u00a0A. Helou, Gaurav Chopra, Arthur Weiss, and Jeffrey\u00a0A. Bluestone. \u201cCD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 5 (May 2016): 973\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.04.020.\n* Franchi, Luigi, Neil Warner, Kyle Viani, and Gabriel Nu\u00f1ez. \u201cFunction of Nod-like Receptors in Microbial Recognition and Host Defense.\u201d Immunological Reviews 227, no. 1 (January 2009): 106\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00734.x.\n* Galli, Stephen J, Niels Borregaard, and Thomas A Wynn. \u201cPhenotypic and Functional Plasticity of Cells of Innate Immunity: Macrophages, Mast Cells and Neutrophils.\u201d Nature Immunology 12, no. 11 (November 2011): 1035\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.2109.\n* Gangwar, Roopesh Singh, and Francesca Levi-Schaffer. \u201cEosinophils Interaction with Mast Cells: The Allergic Effector Unit.\u201d In Eosinophils, edited by Garry M. Walsh, 1178:231\u201349. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-1016-8_20.\n* Gao, Bin, Won-Il Jeong, and Zhigang Tian. \u201cLiver: An Organ with Predominant Innate Immunity.\u201d Hepatology 47, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 729\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22034.\n* Gordon, Siamon, and Fernando O. Martinez. \u201cAlternative Activation of Macrophages: Mechanism and Functions.\u201d Immunity 32, no. 5 (May 2010): 593\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.05.007.\n* Guirado, Evelyn, and Larry S. Schlesinger. \u201cModeling the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Granuloma \u2013 the Critical Battlefield in Host Immunity and Disease.\u201d Frontiers in Immunology 4 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00098.\n* Haagsman, Henk P., Astrid Hogenkamp, Martin van Eijk, and Edwin J.A. 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The Example of Natural Killer Cells.\u201d Science 331, no. 6013 (January 7, 2011): 44\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1198687.\n* Wenzel, Sally E. \u201cAsthma Phenotypes: The Evolution from Clinical to Molecular Approaches.\u201d Nature Medicine 18, no. 5 (May 2012): 716\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.2678.\n* Wing, K., Y. Onishi, P. Prieto-Martin, T. Yamaguchi, M. Miyara, Z. Fehervari, T. Nomura, and S. Sakaguchi. \u201cCTLA-4 Control over Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Function.\u201d Science 322, no. 5899 (October 10, 2008): 271\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1160062.\n* Wynn, Thomas A., and Kevin M. Vannella. \u201cMacrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 3 (March 2016): 450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015.\n* Wynn, Thomas, and Luke Barron. \u201cMacrophages: Master Regulators of Inflammation and Fibrosis.\u201d Seminars in Liver Disease 30, no. 03 (August 2010): 245\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1255354.\nYanai, Hideyuki, David Savitsky, Tomohiko Tamura, and Tadatsugu * Taniguchi. \u201cRegulation of the Cytosolic DNA-Sensing System in Innate Immunity: A Current View.\u201d Current Opinion in Immunology 21, no. 1 (February 2009): 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.005.\n\n\n"},{"id":"2183","urlId":"primary-immunodeficiency","name":"Primary Immunodeficiency","tutorials":[{"id":"1473","urlId":"primary-immunodeficiency-disorders","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (Overview)","duration":"642","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1473-1695829919404.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0}],"citations":"\u201cAdenosine Deaminase Deficiency,\u201d n.d., 6.\nAl-Herz, Waleed. \u201cJournal Info Home About the Journal Editorial Board Archive Research Topics View Some Authors Review Guidelines Subscribe to Alerts Search Article Type Publication Date ...... Go Author Info Why Submit? Fees Article Types Author Guidelines Submission Checklist Contact Editorial Office Submit Manuscript Review ARTICLE Abstract Full Text PDF 0 Write a Comment Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: An Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency.\u201d Frontiers in Immunology 2 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00054.\nCunningham-Rundles, Charlotte. \u201cThe Many Faces of Common Variable Immunode\ufb01ciency,\u201d 2012, 5.\nCunningham-Rundles, Charlotte, and Paul J. Maglione. \u201cCommon Variable Immunodeficiency.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129, no. 5 (May 2012): 1425-1426.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.025.\nDavies, E. Graham. \u201cImmunodeficiency in DiGeorge Syndrome and Options for Treating Cases with Complete Athymia.\u201d Frontiers in Immunology 4 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00322.\nGaut, J. P., G. C. Yeh, H. D. Tran, J. Byun, J. P. Henderson, G. M. Richter, M.-L. Brennan, et al. \u201cNeutrophils Employ the Myeloperoxidase System to Generate Antimicrobial Brominating and Chlorinating Oxidants during Sepsis.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 21 (October 9, 2001): 11961\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.211190298.\nHanna, Suhair, and Amos Etzioni. \u201cLeukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies.\u201d Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1250, no. 1 (February 2012): 50\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06389.x.\nHolland, Steven M. \u201cChronic Granulomatous Disease.\u201d Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America 27, no. 1 (February 2013): 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2012.11.002.\nKlebanoff, S. J., A. J. Kettle, H. Rosen, C. C. Winterbourn, and W. M. Nauseef. \u201cMyeloperoxidase: A Front-Line Defender against Phagocytosed Microorganisms.\u201d Journal of Leukocyte Biology 93, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 185\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0712349.\nLeiding, Jennifer W, and Steven M Holland. \u201cChronic Granulomatous Disease,\u201d n.d., 37.\nLewis, Lisa A, and Sanjay Ram. \u201cMeningococcal Disease and the Complement System.\u201d Virulence 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 98\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/viru.26515.\nMaglione, Paul J., Noa Simchoni, and Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles. \u201cToll-like Receptor Signaling in Primary Immune Deficiencies: TLR Signaling in Primary Immune Deficiencies.\u201d Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1356, no. 1 (November 2015): 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.12763.\nMilner, Joshua D., and Steven M. Holland. \u201cThe Cup Runneth over: Lessons from the Ever-Expanding Pool of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 13, no. 9 (September 2013): 635\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3493.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Cup Runneth over: Lessons from the Ever-Expanding Pool of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 13, no. 9 (September 2013): 635\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3493.\nMorena, M. Teresa de la. \u201cClinical Phenotypes of Hyper-IgM Syndromes.\u201d The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 4, no. 6 (November 2016): 1023\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.09.013.\nNotarangelo, Luigi D. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiencies.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): S182\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.053.\nPanday, Arvind, Malaya K Sahoo, Diana Osorio, and Sanjay Batra. \u201cNADPH Oxidases: An Overview from Structure to Innate Immunity-Associated Pathologies.\u201d Cellular & Molecular Immunology 12, no. 1 (January 2015): 5\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cmi.2014.89.\nParvaneh, Nima, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Luigi Daniele Notarangelo, and Mary Ellen Conley. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiencies: A Rapidly Evolving Story.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 131, no. 2 (February 2013): 314\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.11.051.\nPicard, Capucine, Waleed Al-Herz, Aziz Bousfiha, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Talal Chatila, Mary Ellen Conley, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, et al. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiency Diseases: An Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency 2015.\u201d Journal of Clinical Immunology 35, no. 8 (November 2015): 696\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-015-0201-1.\nRezaei, Nima, Elham Mahmoudi, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Rupali Das, and Kim E. Nichols. \u201cX-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome: A Genetic Condition Typified by the Triad of Infection, Immunodeficiency and Lymphoma: Review.\u201d British Journal of Haematology 152, no. 1 (January 2011): 13\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08442.x.\nRoifman, Chaim M., Raz Somech, Fotini Kavadas, Linda Pires, Amit Nahum, Ilan Dalal, and Eyal Grunebaum. \u201cDefining Combined Immunodeficiency.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 130, no. 1 (July 2012): 177\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.029.\nSubbarayan, A., G. Colarusso, S. M. Hughes, A. R. Gennery, M. Slatter, A. J. Cant, and P. D. 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S1 (2010): S47\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.b.20547.\n* Pieper, Kathrin, Bodo Grimbacher, and Hermann Eibel. \u201cB-Cell Biology and Development.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 131, no. 4 (April 2013): 959\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.046.\n* Ricklin, Daniel, George Hajishengallis, Kun Yang, and John D Lambris. \u201cComplement: A Key System for Immune Surveillance and Homeostasis.\u201d Nature Immunology 11, no. 9 (September 2010): 785\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1923.\n* Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., and J. M. Musser. \u201cThe Current State of Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis.\u201d Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 19, no. 10 (August 27, 2008): 1855\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2008010092.\n* Schnyder, Benno, and Werner J. Pichler. \u201cMechanisms of Drug-Induced Allergy.\u201d Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84, no. 3 (March 2009): 268\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4065\/84.3.268.\n* Schroeder, Harry W., and Lisa Cavacini. \u201cStructure and Function of Immunoglobulins.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): S41\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.046.\n* Silva, H. Asita de, Nicole M. Ryan, and H. Janaka de Silva. \u201cAdverse Reactions to Snake Antivenom, and Their Prevention and Treatment: Adverse Reactions to Snake Antivenom, and Their Prevention and Treatment.\u201d British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 81, no. 3 (March 2016): 446\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.12739.\n* Stone, Kelly D., Calman Prussin, and Dean D. Metcalfe. \u201cIgE, Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): S73\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.017.\n* Takasu, Nobuyuki, and Mina Matsushita. \u201cChanges of TSH-Stimulation Blocking Antibody (TSBAb) and Thyroid Stimulating Antibody (TSAb) Over 10 Years in 34 TSBAb-Positive Patients with Hypothyroidism and in 98 TSAb-Positive Graves\u2019 Patients with Hyperthyroidism: Reevaluation of TSBAb and TSAb in TSH-Receptor-Antibody (TRAb)-Positive Patients.\u201d Journal of Thyroid Research 2012 (2012): 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/182176.\n* Tolpinrud, Whitney L., Christopher G. Bunick, and Brett A. King. \u201cSerum Sickness\u2013like Reaction: Histopathology and Case Report.\u201d Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 65, no. 3 (September 2011): e83\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.02.037.\n* Tosti, Antonella, Torres, and Melo. \u201cManagement of Contact Dermatitis Due to Nickel Allergy: An Update.\u201d Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, April 2009, 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CCID.S3693.\n* Unlu, Ozan, Stephane Zuily, and Doruk Erkan. \u201cThe Clinical Significance of Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.\u201d European Journal of Rheumatology 3, no. 2 (October 6, 2016): 75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/eurjrheum.2015.0085.\n* Wagoner, Matthew R. \u201cIdiopathic Mixed Small and Medium Vessel Cutaneous Vasculitis: A Case Report.\u201d The Foot and Ankle Online Journal, 2014, 5.\n* Wood, Kathryn J., and Ryoichi Goto. \u201cMechanisms of Rejection: Current Perspectives:\u201d Transplantation 93, no. 1 (January 2012): 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TP.0b013e31823cab44.\n\n"}],"image":"\/icons\/subjects\/immune-trans-3.png","numTutorials":23},{"id":"602","name":"Cancer","urlId":"cancer","subjects":[{"id":"2185","urlId":"neoplasms","name":"Cancer Biology","tutorials":[{"id":"1202","urlId":"cancer","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Cancer - 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Chapman. \u201cCurli Biogenesis and Function.\u201d Annual Review of Microbiology 60, no. 1 (October 2006): 131\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.60.080805.142106.\n\nBronesky, Delphine, Zongfu Wu, Stefano Marzi, Philippe Walter, Thomas Geissmann, Karen Moreau, Fran\u00e7ois Vandenesch, Isabelle Caldelari, and Pascale Romby. \u201cStaphylococcus Aureus RNAIII and Its Regulon Link Quorum Sensing, Stress Responses, Metabolic Adaptation, and Regulation of Virulence Gene Expression.\u201d Annual Review of Microbiology 70, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 299\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095708.\n\nCroucher, Nicholas J., Rafal Mostowy, Christopher Wymant, Paul Turner, Stephen D. Bentley, and Christophe Fraser. \u201cHorizontal DNA Transfer Mechanisms of Bacteria as Weapons of Intragenomic Conflict.\u201d Edited by Nick H. Barton. PLOS Biology 14, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): e1002394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002394.\n\nEdmond, Karen M, Christina Kortsalioudaki, Susana Scott, Stephanie J Schrag, Anita KM Zaidi, Simon Cousens, and Paul T Heath. \u201cGroup B Streptococcal Disease in Infants Aged Younger than 3 Months: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\u201d The Lancet 379, no. 9815 (February 2012): 547\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61651-6.\n\nGelvin, Stanton B. \u201cAgricultural Biotechnology: Gene Exchange by Design.\u201d Nature 433, no. 7026 (February 10, 2005): 583\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/433583a.\n\nGreen, Erin R., and Joan Mecsas. \u201cBacterial Secretion Systems: An Overview.\u201d In Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens, Fifth Edition, edited by Indira T. Kudva, Nancy A. Cornick, Paul J. Plummer, Qijing Zhang, Tracy L. Nicholson, John P. Bannantine, and Bryan H. \nBellaire, 215\u201339. American Society of Microbiology, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0012-2015.\n\nHu, Chunyan, Ning Xiong, Yong Zhang, Simon Rayner, and Shiyun Chen. \u201cFunctional Characterization of Lipase in the Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus Aureus.\u201d Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 419, no. 4 (March 2012): 617\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.02.057.\n\nHynes, Wayne L, and Sheryl Lynne Walton. \u201cHyaluronidases of Gram-Positive Bacteria.\u201d FEMS Microbiology Letters 183, no. 2 (February 2000): 201\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08958.x.\n\nKlemm, Elizabeth, and Gordon Dougan. \u201cAdvances in Understanding Bacterial Pathogenesis Gained from Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetics.\u201d Cell Host & Microbe 19, no. 5 (May 2016): 599\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.015.\n\nKline, Kimberly A., Stefan F\u00e4lker, Sofia Dahlberg, Staffan Normark, and Birgitta Henriques-Normark. \u201cBacterial Adhesins in Host-Microbe Interactions.\u201d Cell Host & Microbe 5, no. 6 (June 2009): 580\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.011.\n\nLe, Katherine Y., and Michael Otto. \u201cQuorum-Sensing Regulation in Staphylococci\u2014an Overview.\u201d Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (October 27, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01174.\n\nLee, Lawrence\u00a0Y.\u00a0L., Magnus H\u00f6\u00f6k, David Haviland, Rick\u00a0A. Wetsel, Edward\u00a0O. Yonter, Peter Syribeys, John Vernachio, and Eric\u00a0L. Brown. \u201cInhibition of Complement Activation by a Secreted Staphylococcus Aureus Protein.\u201d The Journal of Infectious Diseases 190, no. 3 (August 2004): 571\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/422259.\n\nMIDDLEBROOK, JOHN L, and REBECCA B DORLAND. \u201cBacterial Toxins: Cellular Mechanisms of Action\u201d 48 (1984): 23.\n\nO\u2019Donnell, M., L. Langston, and B. Stillman. \u201cPrinciples and Concepts of DNA Replication in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.\u201d Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 5, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): a010108\u2013a010108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a010108.\n\nPollitt, Eric J. G., Stuart A. West, Shanika A. Crusz, Maxwell N. Burton-Chellew, and Stephen P. Diggle. \u201cCooperation, Quorum Sensing, and Evolution of Virulence in Staphylococcus Aureus.\u201d Edited by B. A. McCormick. Infection and Immunity 82, no. 3 (March 2014): 1045\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.01216-13.\n\nRamachandran, Girish. \u201cGram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Toxins in Sepsis: A Brief Review.\u201d Virulence 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 213\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/viru.27024.\n\nRibet, David, and Pascale Cossart. \u201cHow Bacterial Pathogens Colonize Their Hosts and Invade Deeper Tissues.\u201d Microbes and Infection 17, no. 3 (March 2015): 173\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.01.004.\n\nRutherford, S. T., and B. L. Bassler. \u201cBacterial Quorum Sensing: Its Role in Virulence and Possibilities for Its Control.\u201d Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): a012427\u2013a012427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a012427.\n\nSauer, Frederic G, Matthew A Mulvey, Joel D Schilling, Juan J Martinez, and Scott J Hultgren. \u201cBacterial Pili: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis,\u201d n.d., 8.\nSieber, Karsten B., Robin E. Bromley, and Julie C. Dunning Hotopp. \u201cLateral Gene Transfer between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.\u201d Experimental Cell Research 358, no. 2 (September 2017): 421\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.02.009.\n\nSOTO, GABRIEL E, and SCOTT J HULTGREN. \u201cBacterial Adhesins: Common Themes and Variations in Architecture and Assembly.\u201d J. BACTERIOL. 181 (1999): 13.\n\nWalker, M. J., T. C. Barnett, J. D. McArthur, J. N. Cole, C. M. Gillen, A. Henningham, K. S. Sriprakash, M. L. Sanderson-Smith, and V. 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Murphy. \u201cRhabdomyolysis during Therapy with Daptomycin.\u201d Clinical Infectious Diseases 42, no. 12 (June 15, 2006): e108\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/504379.\nPoirel, Laurent, Aur\u00e9lie Jayol, and Patrice Nordmann. \u201cPolymyxins: Antibacterial Activity, Susceptibility Testing, and Resistance Mechanisms Encoded by Plasmids or Chromosomes.\u201d Clinical Microbiology Reviews 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 557\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00064-16.\nPrescott, William A., Daryl D. DePestel, Jeffrey J. Ellis, and Randolph E. Regal. \u201cIncidence of Carbapenem-Associated Allergic-Type Reactions among Patients with versus Patients without a Reported Penicillin Allergy.\u201d Clinical Infectious Diseases 38, no. 8 (April 15, 2004): 1102\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/382880.\nQuinn, Davin K., and Theodore A. 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Lefkowitz, Andrew M. Q. King, Bal\u00e1zs Harrach, Robert L. Harrison, Nick J. Knowles, Andrew M. Kropinski, et al. \u201cChanges to Taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature Ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2017).\u201d Archives of Virology 162, no. 8 (August 2017): 2505\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-017-3358-5.\n\nAhlquist, Paul, Amine O. Noueiry, Wai-Ming Lee, David B. Kushner, and Billy T. Dye. \u201cHost Factors in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication.\u201d Journal of Virology 77, no. 15 (August 1, 2003): 8181\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.77.15.8181-8186.2003.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cHost Factors in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication.\u201d Journal of Virology 77, no. 15 (August 1, 2003): 8181\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.77.15.8181-8186.2003.\n\nBeards, Graham MD. \u201cBacteriophages on Bacterial Cell Wall Transmission Electron Microscope.\u201d Wikipedia, May 11, 2018. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=840723345.\n\n\u201cDetails - Public Health Image Library(PHIL).\u201d Accessed May 18, 2018. https:\/\/phil.cdc.gov\/details.aspx?pid=1832.\n\nEdwards, KT, AR Spikler, and G Dvorak. \u201cSelected Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected,\u201d n.d., 7.\n\n\u201cFile:Adenovirus 4.jpg.\u201d Wikipedia. Accessed May 18, 2018. https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Adenovirus_4.jpg.\n\nGlobal, C. D. C. Created by CDC Microbiologist Frederick A. Murphy, This Colorized Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) Revealed Some of the Ultrastructural Morphology Displayed by an Ebola Virus Virion. See PHIL 1181 for a Black and White Version of This Image. August 13, 2014. Ebola virus. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ebola_virus_(2).jpg.\n\nHaywood, A M. \u201cVirus Receptors: Binding, Adhesion Strengthening, and Changes in Viral Structure.\u201d Journal of Virology 68, no. 1 (January 1994): 1\u20135.\n\n\u201cMarburg_virus.Jpg (700\u00d7474).\u201d Accessed May 17, 2018. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/Marburg_virus.jpg.\n\n\u201cPapilloma_Virus_(HPV)_EM.Jpg (900\u00d71200).\u201d Accessed May 17, 2018. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c4\/Papilloma_Virus_%28HPV%29_EM.jpg. \n\nDetails of an Influenza Virus Particle, or \u201cVirion\u201d: Providers, Photo Credit: Cynthia GoldsmithContent. English: This Negative-Stained Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) Depicts the Ultrastructural . A Member of the Taxonomic Family Orthomyxoviridae, the Influenza Virus Is a Single-Stranded RNA Organism. 1981. This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #8430. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Influenza_virus_particle_8430_lores.jpg.\n\nFilamentous Marburg Virions: Providers, Photo Credit:Content. English: This Negative Stained Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) Depicts a Number of Filamentous Marburg Virions, Which Had Been Cultured on Vero Cell Cultures, and Purified on Sucrose, Rate-Zonal Gradients. Note the Virus\u2019s Morphologic Appearance with Its Characteristic \u201cShepherd\u2019s Crook\u201d Shape; Magnified Approximately 100,000x.This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #275. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Marburg_virus.jpg.\n\nTobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Particles Negative Stained with Heavy Metal to Make Them Visible in the TEM. Magnified 160,000X. not specified. [1]. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg.\n\n\u201cVirus Structure.\u201d Accessed May 29, 2018. https:\/\/msu.edu\/course\/mmg\/569\/Virus%20Structure.htm.\nAccessed May 24, 2018. https:\/\/viralzone.expasy.org\/.\n\nViral Replication:\nBeachboard, Dia C., and Stacy M. Horner. \u201cInnate Immune Evasion Strategies of DNA and RNA Viruses.\u201d Current Opinion in Microbiology 32 (August 2016): 113\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2016.05.015.\n\nGao, Hong, and Marcus W. Feldman. \u201cComplementation and Epistasis in Viral Coinfection Dynamics.\u201d Genetics 182, no. 1 (May 2009): 251\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1534\/genetics.108.099796.\n\nKilcher, Samuel, and Jason Mercer. \u201cDNA Virus Uncoating.\u201d Virology 479\u2013480 (May 2015): 578\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2015.01.024.\n\nKnipe, David Mahan, and Peter M. Howley. Fields\u2019 Virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.\n\nLIBBEY, JANE E., and ROBERT S. FUJINAMI. \u201cAdaptive Immune Response to Viral Infections in the Central Nervous System.\u201d Handbook of Clinical Neurology 123 (2014): 225\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53488-0.00010-9.\n\nMahy, Brian W. J. The Dictionary of Virology. Academic Press, 2009.\n\nMercer, Jason, and Ari Helenius. \u201cVirus Entry by Macropinocytosis.\u201d Nature Cell Biology 11, no. 5 (May 2009): 510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncb0509-510.\n\nRandall, R. E., and S. Goodbourn. \u201cInterferons and Viruses: An Interplay between Induction, Signalling, Antiviral Responses and Virus Countermeasures.\u201d Journal of General Virology 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.83391-0.\n\nRyan, Kenneth J., C. George Ray, Nafees Ahmad, W. Lawrence Drew, and James J. Plorde. Sherris Medical Microbiology, Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional, 2014.\n\nSchmid, Melanie, Thomas Speiseder, Thomas Dobner, and Ramon A. Gonzalez. \u201cDNA Virus Replication Compartments.\u201d Journal of Virology 88, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 1404\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02046-13.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cDNA Virus Replication Compartments.\u201d Journal of Virology 88, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 1404\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02046-13.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cDNA Virus Replication Compartments.\u201d Journal of Virology 88, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 1404\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02046-13.\n\n\u201cThe Viral Life Cycle | Microbiology.\u201d Accessed May 29, 2018. https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/microbiology\/chapter\/the-viral-life-cycle\/.\n\nThorley, Jennifer A., Jane A. McKeating, and Joshua Zachary Rappoport. \u201cMechanisms of Viral Entry: Sneaking in the Front Door.\u201d Protoplasma 244, no. 1\u20134 (August 2010): 15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00709-010-0152-6.\n\nYamauchi, Y., and A. Helenius. \u201cVirus Entry at a Glance.\u201d Journal of Cell Science 126, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): 1289\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.119685.\n\nYamauchi, Yohei, and Urs F. Greber. \u201cPrinciples of Virus Uncoating: Cues and the Snooker Ball: Virus Entry and Uncoating.\u201d Traffic 17, no. 6 (June 2016): 569\u201392. \n\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tra.12387.\nAccessed May 29, 2018. \n\nhttp:\/\/www2.gsu.edu\/~biotkf\/bio475\/475lecture3.htm.\nAccessed May 30, 2018. https:\/\/viralzone.expasy.org\/936."},{"id":"2442","urlId":"viral-pathogenesis","name":"Viral Pathogenesis","tutorials":[{"id":"1535","urlId":"viral-pathogenesis","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Viral Pathogenesis","demo":"extended-demo","duration":"431","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1535-1699022366027.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0}],"citations":"\nAlbrecht, Thomas, Michael Fons, Istvan Boldogh, and Alan S. Rabson. \u201cEffects on Cells.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK7979\/.\n\nBaron, Samuel, Michael Fons, and Thomas Albrecht. \u201cViral Pathogenesis.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8149\/.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cViral Pathogenesis.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8149\/.\n\nBoldogh, Istvan, Thomas Albrecht, and David D. Porter. \u201cPersistent Viral Infections.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8538\/.\n\nBritt, William. \u201cVirus Entry into Host, Establishment of Infection, Spread in Host, Mechanisms of Tissue Damage.\u201d In Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis, edited by Ann Arvin, Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume, Edward Mocarski, Patrick S. Moore, Bernard Roizman, Richard Whitley, and Koichi Yamanishi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK47407\/.\n\nDianzani, Ferdinando, and Samuel Baron. \u201cNonspecific Defenses.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8348\/.\n\nFenner, Frank. \u201cEpidemiology and Evolution.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK7872\/.\n\nGoldenthal, Karen L., Karen Midthun, and Kathryn C. Zoon. \u201cControl of Viral Infections and Diseases.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8492\/.\n\nGraw, Frederik, and Alan S. Perelson. \u201cModeling Viral Spread.\u201d Annual Review of Virology 3, no. 1 (September 29, 2016): 555\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042249.\n\n\u201cHerpes_simplex_virus_pap_test.Jpg (2620\u00d72028).\u201d Accessed June 14, 2018. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c1\/Herpes_simplex_virus_pap_test.jpg.\n\nKatze, Michael G., Marcus J. Korth, G. Lynn Law, and Neal Nathanson. Viral Pathogenesis: From Basics to Systems Biology. Academic Press, 2015.\n\nKlimpel, Gary R. \u201cImmune Defenses.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8423\/.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cImmune Defenses.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8423\/.\n\nMacnab, Joan C. M., and David Onions. \u201cTumor Viruses.\u201d In Medical Microbiology, edited by Samuel Baron, 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 1996. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK7998\/.\n\nNotkins, A. L., and M. B. A. Oldstone. Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.\n\nUthman, Ed. Herpes-Infected Cells in SurePath Pap Smear. April 3, 2009. 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\u201cThe Many Faces of Common Variable Immunode\ufb01ciency,\u201d 2012, 5.\nCunningham-Rundles, Charlotte, and Paul J. Maglione. \u201cCommon Variable Immunodeficiency.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129, no. 5 (May 2012): 1425-1426.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.025.\nDavies, E. Graham. \u201cImmunodeficiency in DiGeorge Syndrome and Options for Treating Cases with Complete Athymia.\u201d Frontiers in Immunology 4 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00322.\nGaut, J. P., G. C. Yeh, H. D. Tran, J. Byun, J. P. Henderson, G. M. Richter, M.-L. Brennan, et al. \u201cNeutrophils Employ the Myeloperoxidase System to Generate Antimicrobial Brominating and Chlorinating Oxidants during Sepsis.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 21 (October 9, 2001): 11961\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.211190298.\nHanna, Suhair, and Amos Etzioni. \u201cLeukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies.\u201d Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1250, no. 1 (February 2012): 50\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06389.x.\nHolland, Steven M. \u201cChronic Granulomatous Disease.\u201d Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America 27, no. 1 (February 2013): 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2012.11.002.\nKlebanoff, S. J., A. J. Kettle, H. Rosen, C. C. Winterbourn, and W. M. Nauseef. \u201cMyeloperoxidase: A Front-Line Defender against Phagocytosed Microorganisms.\u201d Journal of Leukocyte Biology 93, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 185\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0712349.\nLeiding, Jennifer W, and Steven M Holland. \u201cChronic Granulomatous Disease,\u201d n.d., 37.\nLewis, Lisa A, and Sanjay Ram. \u201cMeningococcal Disease and the Complement System.\u201d Virulence 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 98\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/viru.26515.\nMaglione, Paul J., Noa Simchoni, and Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles. \u201cToll-like Receptor Signaling in Primary Immune Deficiencies: TLR Signaling in Primary Immune Deficiencies.\u201d Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1356, no. 1 (November 2015): 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.12763.\nMilner, Joshua D., and Steven M. Holland. \u201cThe Cup Runneth over: Lessons from the Ever-Expanding Pool of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 13, no. 9 (September 2013): 635\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3493.\nMorena, M. Teresa de la. \u201cClinical Phenotypes of Hyper-IgM Syndromes.\u201d The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 4, no. 6 (November 2016): 1023\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.09.013.\nNotarangelo, Luigi D. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiencies.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): S182\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.053.\nPanday, Arvind, Malaya K Sahoo, Diana Osorio, and Sanjay Batra. \u201cNADPH Oxidases: An Overview from Structure to Innate Immunity-Associated Pathologies.\u201d Cellular & Molecular Immunology 12, no. 1 (January 2015): 5\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cmi.2014.89.\nParvaneh, Nima, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Luigi Daniele Notarangelo, and Mary Ellen Conley. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiencies: A Rapidly Evolving Story.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 131, no. 2 (February 2013): 314\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.11.051.\nPicard, Capucine, Waleed Al-Herz, Aziz Bousfiha, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Talal Chatila, Mary Ellen Conley, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, et al. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiency Diseases: An Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency 2015.\u201d Journal of Clinical Immunology 35, no. 8 (November 2015): 696\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-015-0201-1.\nRezaei, Nima, Elham Mahmoudi, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Rupali Das, and Kim E. 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Baddour. \u201cAssociation of Mitral Valve Prolapse With Infective Endocarditis Due to Viridans Group Streptococci: Table 1.\u201d Clinical Infectious Diseases 61, no. 4 (August 15, 2015): 623\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ375.\nDoern, C. D., and C.-A. D. Burnham. \u201cIt\u2019s Not Easy Being Green: The Viridans Group Streptococci, with a Focus on Pediatric Clinical Manifestations.\u201d Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 3829\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01563-10.\nFitzgerald, J. Ross, Timothy J. Foster, and Dermot Cox. \u201cThe Interaction of Bacterial Pathogens with Platelets.\u201d Nature Reviews Microbiology 4, no. 6 (June 2006): 445\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1425.\nFoster, Timothy J., Joan A. Geoghegan, Vannakambadi K. Ganesh, and Magnus H\u00f6\u00f6k. \u201cAdhesion, Invasion and Evasion: The Many Functions of the Surface Proteins of Staphylococcus Aureus.\u201d Nature Reviews Microbiology 12, no. 1 (January 2014): 49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro3161.\nHamidi, Hellyeh, and Johanna Ivaska. \u201cVascular Morphogenesis: An Integrin and Fibronectin Highway.\u201d Current Biology 27, no. 4 (February 2017): R158\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.036.\nHamzeh-Cognasse, Hind, Pauline Damien, Adrien Chabert, Bruno Pozzetto, Fabrice Cognasse, and Olivier Garraud. \u201cPlatelets and Infections \u00e2\u20ac\u201c Complex Interactions with Bacteria.\u201d Frontiers in Immunology 6 (February 26, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00082.\nHerrmann, Markus D., Annette Neumayr, Andreas Essig, Jochen Spiess, Johannes Merk, Peter M\u00f6ller, Andreas Liebold, and Thomas F.E. Barth. \u201cIsolated Whipple\u2019s Endocarditis: An Underestimated Diagnosis That Requires Molecular Analysis of Surgical Material.\u201d The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 98, no. 1 (July 2014): e1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.04.059.\nHua, Ping, Jialiang Liu, Jun Tao, Jianyang Liu, Yanqi Yang, and Songran Yang. \u201cErysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae-Induced Aortic Valve Endocarditis: Case Report and Literature Review,\u201d n.d., 7.\n\u201cInfective Endocarditis in Adults.\u201d The New England Journal of Medicine, 2001, 13.\nJiad, Estabrak, Sumanjit K Gill, Maria Krutikov, David Turner, Michael H Parkinson, Carmel Curtis, and David J Werring. \u201cWhen the Heart Rules the Head: Ischaemic Stroke and Intracerebral Haemorrhage Complicating Infective Endocarditis.\u201d Practical Neurology 17, no. 1 (February 2017): 28\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/practneurol-2016-001469.\nJung, Chiau-Jing, Chiou-Yueh Yeh, Chia-Tung Shun, Ron-Bin Hsu, Hung-Wei Cheng, Chi-Shuan Lin, and Jean-San Chia. \u201cPlatelets Enhance Biofilm Formation and Resistance of Endocarditis-Inducing Streptococci on the Injured Heart Valve.\u201d The Journal of Infectious Diseases 205, no. 7 (April 1, 2012): 1066\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jis021.\nLacalzada, Juan, Marta Padilla, Alejandro de la Rosa, and Ignacio Laynez. \u201cInfectious Endocarditis Due to Streptococcus Pneumoniae in a Cardiac Surgery Patient: A New Form of Clinical Presentation.\u201d Clinical Case Reports 4, no. 2 (February 2016): 129\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccr3.448.\nLin, Ting-I, Yung-Feng Huang, Po-Yen Liu, Chin-An Chou, Yu-Shen Chen, Ying-Yao Chen, Kai-Sheng Hsieh, and Yao-Shen Chen. \u201cPseudomonas Aeruginosa Infective Endocarditis in Patients Who Do Not Use Intravenous Drugs: Analysis of Risk Factors and Treatment Outcomes.\u201d Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 49, no. 4 (August 2016): 516\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2014.08.019.\nMassey, Ruth C, Angus Buckling, and Sharon J Peacock. \u201cPhenotypic Switching of Antibiotic Resistance Circumvents Permanent Costs in Staphylococcus Aureus.\u201d Current Biology 11, no. 22 (November 2001): 1810\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00507-3.\nMiajlovic, H., M. Zapotoczna, J. A. Geoghegan, S. W. Kerrigan, P. Speziale, and T. J. Foster. \u201cDirect Interaction of Iron-Regulated Surface Determinant IsdB of Staphylococcus Aureus with the GPIIb\/IIIa Receptor on Platelets.\u201d Microbiology 156, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 920\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.036673-0.\nMorpeth, Susan. \u201cNon-HACEK Gram-Negative Bacillus Endocarditis.\u201d Annals of Internal Medicine 147, no. 12 (December 18, 2007): 829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-147-12-200712180-00002.\nNigo, Masayuki, Jose M. Munita, Cesar A. Arias, and Barbara E. Murray. \u201cWhat\u2019s New in the Treatment of Enterococcal Endocarditis?\u201d Current Infectious Disease Reports 16, no. 10 (October 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-014-0431-z.\nOberbach, Andreas, Nadine Schlichting, Stefan Feder, Stefanie Lehmann, Yvonne Kullnick, Tilo Buschmann, Conny Blumert, et al. \u201cNew Insights into Valve-Related Intramural and Intracellular Bacterial Diversity in Infective Endocarditis.\u201d Edited by Mohamed N. Seleem. PLOS ONE 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2017): e0175569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175569.\nOlmos, Carmen, Isidre Vilacosta, Eduardo Pozo, Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez, Cristina Sarri\u00e1, Javier L\u00f3pez, Carlos Ferrera, et al. \u201cPrognostic Implications of Diabetes in Patients With Left-Sided Endocarditis: Findings From a Large Cohort Study.\u201d Medicine 93, no. 2 (March 2014): 114\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000000023.\nPant, Sadip, Nileshkumar J. Patel, Abhishek Deshmukh, Harsh Golwala, Nilay Patel, Apurva Badheka, Glenn A. Hirsch, and Jawahar L. Mehta. \u201cTrends in Infective Endocarditis Incidence, Microbiology, and Valve Replacement in the United States From 2000 to 2011.\u201d Journal of the American College of Cardiology 65, no. 19 (May 2015): 2070\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.03.518.\nPasha, Ahmed Khurshid, Justin Z. Lee, See-Wei Low, Hem Desai, Kwan S. Lee, and Mayar Al Mohajer. \u201cFungal Endocarditis: Update on Diagnosis and Management.\u201d The American Journal of Medicine 129, no. 10 (October 2016): 1037\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.05.012.\nQue, Yok-Ai, Jacques-Antoine Haefliger, Lionel Piroth, Patrice Fran\u00e7ois, Eleonora Widmer, Jos\u00e9 M. Entenza, Bhanu Sinha, et al. \u201cFibrinogen and Fibronectin Binding Cooperate for Valve Infection and Invasion in Staphylococcus Aureus Experimental Endocarditis.\u201d The Journal of Experimental Medicine 201, no. 10 (May 16, 2005): 1627\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20050125.\nRaza, Sania S, Omer W Sultan, and Muhammad R Sohail. \u201cGram-Negative Bacterial Endocarditis in Adults: State-of-the-Heart.\u201d Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 8, no. 8 (August 2010): 879\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/eri.10.76.\nSelton-Suty, Christine, Marie C\u00e9lard, Vincent Le Moing, Thanh Doco-Lecompte, Catherine Chirouze, Bernard Iung, Christophe Strady, et al. \u201cPreeminence of Staphylococcus Aureus in Infective Endocarditis: A 1-Year Population-Based Survey.\u201d Clinical Infectious Diseases 54, no. 9 (May 1, 2012): 1230\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis199.\nSenn, Laurence, Jos\u00e9 M Entenza, Gilbert Greub, Katia Jaton, Aline Wenger, Jacques Bille, Thierry Calandra, and Guy Prod\u2019hom. \u201cBloodstream and Endovascular Infections Due to Abiotrophia Defectiva and Granulicatellaspecies.\u201d BMC Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (December 2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-6-9.\nShafran, Stephen D. \u201cInfective Endocarditis and Perivalvular Abscess: A Dangerous Duo,\u201d n.d., 2.\nShannon, Oonagh. \u201cPlatelet Interaction with Bacterial Toxins and Secreted Products.\u201d Platelets 26, no. 4 (May 19, 2015): 302\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09537104.2015.1014471.\nStapleton, Paul D., and Peter W. Taylor. \u201cMethicillin Resistance in <I>Staphylococcus Aureus<\/I>: Mechanisms and Modulation.\u201d Science Progress 85, no. 1 (February 15, 2002): 57\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3184\/003685002783238870.\nSuehiro, Kazuhisa, James Gailit, and Edward F Plow. \u201cFibrinogen Is a Ligand for Integrin \u24235\u24241 on Endothelial Cells,\u201d n.d., 8.\nSullam, Paul M., Thomas A. Drake, and Merle A. Sande. \u201cPathogenesis of Endocarditis.\u201d The American Journal of Medicine 78, no. 6 (June 1985): 110\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90373-0.\nTong, Steven Y. C., Joshua S. Davis, Emily Eichenberger, Thomas L. Holland, and Vance G. Fowler. \u201cStaphylococcus Aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management.\u201d Clinical Microbiology Reviews 28, no. 3 (July 2015): 603\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00134-14.\nTopham, James. \u201cChirillo 3856 R1.Qxd:Layout 1.\u201d J Heart Valve Dis 19, no. 3 (2010): 10.\nValen, Richard van, Robert A.F. de Lind van Wijngaarden, Nelianne J. Verkaik, Mostafa M. Mokhles, and Ad J.J.C. 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