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J., and E. P. Reddy. \u201cCDK4: A Key Player in the Cell Cycle, Development, and Cancer.\u201d Genes & Cancer 3, no. 11\u201312 (November 1, 2012): 658\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1947601913478972.\nBenigni, Romualdo, and Cecilia Bossa. \u201cMechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity: A Review with Implications for Predictive Toxicology.\u201d Chemical Reviews 111, no. 4 (April 13, 2011): 2507\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/cr100222q.\nBosland, MaartenC, and AbeerM Mahmoud. \u201cHormones and Prostate Carcinogenesis: Androgens and Estrogens.\u201d Journal of Carcinogenesis 10, no. 1 (2011): 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1477-3163.90678.\nBurgio, Ernesto, and Lucia Migliore. \u201cTowards a Systemic Paradigm in Carcinogenesis: Linking Epigenetics and Genetics.\u201d Molecular Biology Reports 42, no. 4 (April 2015): 777\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-014-3804-3.\nCavallo, Federica, Carla De Giovanni, Patrizia Nanni, Guido Forni, and Pier-Luigi Lollini. \u201c2011: The Immune Hallmarks of Cancer.\u201d Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 60, no. 3 (March 2011): 319\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-010-0968-0.\nCohen, S. M., and L. L. Arnold. \u201cChemical Carcinogenesis.\u201d Toxicological Sciences 120, no. Supplement 1 (March 1, 2011): S76\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq365.\nCrusz, Shanthini M., and Frances R. Balkwill. \u201cInflammation and Cancer: Advances and New Agents.\u201d Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 12, no. 10 (October 2015): 584\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.105.\nDang, Chi\u00a0V. \u201cMYC on the Path to Cancer.\u201d Cell 149, no. 1 (March 2012): 22\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.003.\nDemoulin, Jean-Baptiste, and Ahmed Essaghir. \u201cPDGF Receptor Signaling Networks in Normal and Cancer Cells.\u201d Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 25, no. 3 (June 2014): 273\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.03.003.\nFigueroa-Magalh\u00e3es, Maria Cristina, Danijela Jelovac, Roisin M. Connolly, and Antonio C. Wolff. \u201cTreatment of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.\u201d The Breast 23, no. 2 (April 2014): 128\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.breast.2013.11.011.\nFriedmann-Morvinski, D., and I. M. Verma. \u201cDedifferentiation and Reprogramming: Origins of Cancer Stem Cells.\u201d EMBO Reports 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 244\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/embr.201338254.\nFujiki, Hirota, Eisaburo Sueoka, and Masami Suganuma. \u201cTumor Promoters: From Chemicals to Inflammatory Proteins.\u201d Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 139, no. 10 (October 2013): 1603\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-013-1455-8.\nGocek, Elzbieta, Anargyros N. Moulas, and George P. Studzinski. \u201cNon-Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases Signaling Pathways in Normal and Cancer Cells.\u201d Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 51, no. 3 (June 2014): 125\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10408363.2013.874403.\nHadjimichael, Christiana, Konstantina Chanoumidou, Natalia Papadopoulou, Panagiota Arampatzi, Joseph Papamatheakis, and Androniki Kretsovali. \u201cCommon Stemness Regulators of Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cells\u201d 7, no. 9 (n.d.): 36.\nHallinan, Niamh, Stephen Finn, Sinead Cuffe, Shereen Rafee, Kenneth O\u2019Byrne, and Kathy Gately. \u201cTargeting the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Family in Cancer.\u201d Cancer Treatment Reviews 46 (May 2016): 51\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.03.015.\nHeldin, Carl-Henrik. \u201cTargeting the PDGF Signaling Pathway in Tumor Treatment.\u201d Cell Communication and Signaling 11, no. 1 (2013): 97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1478-811X-11-97.\nHodgson, Shirley. \u201cMechanisms of Inherited Cancer Susceptibility.\u201d Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B 9, no. 1 (January 2008): 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1631\/jzus.B073001.\nIqbal, Nida, and Naveed Iqbal. \u201cHuman Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in Cancers: Overexpression and Therapeutic Implications.\u201d Molecular Biology International 2014 (2014): 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/852748.\nJang, Miran, Sung Soo Kim, and Jinhwa Lee. \u201cCancer Cell Metabolism: Implications for Therapeutic Targets.\u201d Experimental & Molecular Medicine 45, no. 10 (October 2013): e45\u2013e45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.2013.85.\nKatsuno, Yoko, Samy Lamouille, and Rik Derynck. \u201cTGF-\u03b2 Signaling and Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Progression:\u201d Current Opinion in Oncology 25, no. 1 (January 2013): 76\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCO.0b013e32835b6371.\nLandskron, Glauben, Marjorie De la Fuente, Peti Thuwajit, Chanitra Thuwajit, and Marcela A. Hermoso. \u201cChronic Inflammation and Cytokines in the Tumor Microenvironment.\u201d Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/149185.\nLiberti, Maria V., and Jason W. Locasale. \u201cThe Warburg Effect: How Does It Benefit Cancer Cells?\u201d Trends in Biochemical Sciences 41, no. 3 (March 2016): 211\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.12.001.\nLippitz, Bodo E. \u201cCytokine Patterns in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review.\u201d The Lancet Oncology 14, no. 6 (May 2013): e218\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70582-X.\nLyons, S. M., E. Alizadeh, J. Mannheimer, K. Schuamberg, J. Castle, B. Schroder, P. Turk, D. Thamm, and A. Prasad. \u201cChanges in Cell Shape Are Correlated with Metastatic Potential in Murine and Human Osteosarcomas.\u201d Biology Open 5, no. 3 (March 15, 2016): 289\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/bio.013409.\nMalarkey, David E., Mark Hoenerhoff, and Robert R. Maronpot. \u201cCarcinogenesis.\u201d In Haschek and Rousseaux\u2019s Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, 107\u201346. Elsevier, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-415759-0.00005-4.\nMiller, D. M., S. D. Thomas, A. Islam, D. Muench, and K. Sedoris. \u201cC-Myc and Cancer Metabolism.\u201d Clinical Cancer Research 18, no. 20 (October 15, 2012): 5546\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0977.\nMoolgavkar, Suresh H. \u201cModel for Human Carcinogenesis: Action of Environmental Agents,\u201d n.d., 7.\nMusgrove, Elizabeth A., C. Elizabeth Caldon, Jane Barraclough, Andrew Stone, and Robert L. Sutherland. \u201cCyclin D as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer.\u201d Nature Reviews Cancer 11, no. 8 (August 2011): 558\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc3090.\nNoy, Roy, and Jeffrey\u00a0W. 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Vannella. \u201cMacrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 3 (March 2016): 450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015.\nWynn, Thomas, and Luke Barron. \u201cMacrophages: Master Regulators of Inflammation and Fibrosis.\u201d Seminars in Liver Disease 30, no. 03 (August 2010): 245\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1255354.\nYanai, Hideyuki, David Savitsky, Tomohiko Tamura, and Tadatsugu Taniguchi. \u201cRegulation of the Cytosolic DNA-Sensing System in Innate Immunity: A Current View.\u201d Current Opinion in Immunology 21, no. 1 (February 2009): 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.005.\n\n"},{"id":"2187","urlId":"adaptive-immunity","name":"Adaptive Immunity","tutorials":[{"id":"1459","urlId":"adaptive-immunity---humoral-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Adaptive Immunity - Humoral Response","duration":"556","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1459-1695750610746.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1461","urlId":"adaptive-immunity---cellular-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Adaptive Immunity - Cellular Response","duration":"705","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1461-1695758668088.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1865","urlId":"effector-cell-functions","format":"drawing-highlight","role":"introduction","title":"Effector Cell Functions","duration":"167","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1865-1652468488988.png","hasQuizQuestions":4,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1864","urlId":"antibody-functions","format":"drawing-highlight","role":"default","title":"Antibody Functions","duration":"76","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1864-1652464973898.png","hasQuizQuestions":3,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0}],"citations":"Includes inflammation and immunity\n\n\u201c070600 The Immune System.\u201d ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY, 2000, 14.\nAkira, Shizuo, Satoshi Uematsu, and Osamu Takeuchi. \u201cPathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity.\u201d Cell 124, no. 4 (February 2006): 783\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015.\nBradding, Peter. \u201cAsthma: Eosinophil Disease, Mast Cell Disease, or Both?\u201d Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 4, no. 2 (2008): 84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1710-1492-4-2-84.\nBrandstadter, Joshua D., and Yiping Yang. \u201cNatural Killer Cell Responses to Viral Infection.\u201d Journal of Innate Immunity 3, no. 3 (2011): 274\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000324176.\nDe Smet, Kris, and Roland Contreras. \u201cHuman Antimicrobial Peptides: Defensins, Cathelicidins and Histatins.\u201d Biotechnology Letters 27, no. 18 (September 2005): 1337\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-005-0936-5.\nEsensten, Jonathan\u00a0H., Ynes\u00a0A. Helou, Gaurav Chopra, Arthur Weiss, and Jeffrey\u00a0A. Bluestone. \u201cCD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 5 (May 2016): 973\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.04.020.\nFranchi, Luigi, Neil Warner, Kyle Viani, and Gabriel Nu\u00f1ez. \u201cFunction of Nod-like Receptors in Microbial Recognition and Host Defense.\u201d Immunological Reviews 227, no. 1 (January 2009): 106\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00734.x.\nGalli, Stephen J, Niels Borregaard, and Thomas A Wynn. \u201cPhenotypic and Functional Plasticity of Cells of Innate Immunity: Macrophages, Mast Cells and Neutrophils.\u201d Nature Immunology 12, no. 11 (November 2011): 1035\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.2109.\nGangwar, Roopesh Singh, and Francesca Levi-Schaffer. \u201cEosinophils Interaction with Mast Cells: The Allergic Effector Unit.\u201d In Eosinophils, edited by Garry M. Walsh, 1178:231\u201349. 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The Example of Natural Killer Cells.\u201d Science 331, no. 6013 (January 7, 2011): 44\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1198687.\nWenzel, Sally E. \u201cAsthma Phenotypes: The Evolution from Clinical to Molecular Approaches.\u201d Nature Medicine 18, no. 5 (May 2012): 716\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.2678.\nWing, K., Y. Onishi, P. Prieto-Martin, T. Yamaguchi, M. Miyara, Z. Fehervari, T. Nomura, and S. Sakaguchi. \u201cCTLA-4 Control over Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Function.\u201d Science 322, no. 5899 (October 10, 2008): 271\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1160062.\nWynn, Thomas A., and Kevin M. Vannella. \u201cMacrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 3 (March 2016): 450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015.\nWynn, Thomas, and Luke Barron. \u201cMacrophages: Master Regulators of Inflammation and Fibrosis.\u201d Seminars in Liver Disease 30, no. 03 (August 2010): 245\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1255354.\nYanai, Hideyuki, David Savitsky, Tomohiko Tamura, and Tadatsugu Taniguchi. \u201cRegulation of the Cytosolic DNA-Sensing System in Innate Immunity: A Current View.\u201d Current Opinion in Immunology 21, no. 1 (February 2009): 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.005.\n\n"}],"image":"\/icons\/subjects\/immune-trans.png","numTutorials":10},{"id":"604","name":"Hypersensitivity & Autoimmune Disorders","urlId":"hypersensitivitiy-autoimmune","subjects":[{"id":"2188","urlId":"hypersensitivity-disorders","name":"Hypersensitivity Disorders ","tutorials":[{"id":"1464","urlId":"hypersensitivity-overview","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Hypersensitivity Overview","duration":"448","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1464-1695929012251.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1465","urlId":"type-i-hypersensitivity","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Type I Hypersensitivity","duration":"503","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1465-1695934265598.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1466","urlId":"type-ii-hypersensitivity","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Type II Hypersensitivity","duration":"460","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1466-1696007470190.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1467","urlId":"type-iii-hypersensitivity","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Type III Hypersensitivity","duration":"486","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1467-1696012978978.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1468","urlId":"type-iv-hypersensitivity","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Type IV Hypersensitivity","duration":"395","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1468-1696021462173.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0}],"citations":"Agmon-Levin, N., M. Mosca, M. Petri, and Y. Shoenfeld. \u201cSystemic Lupus Erythematosus One Disease or Many?\u201d Autoimmunity Reviews 11, no. 8 (June 2012): 593\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.10.020.\nBaschant, Ulrike, and Jan Tuckermann. \u201cThe Role of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Inflammation and Immunity.\u201d The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 120, no. 2\u20133 (May 2010): 69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.058.\nBerrih-Aknin, Sonia, and Rozen Le Panse. \u201cMyasthenia Gravis: A Comprehensive Review of Immune Dysregulation and Etiological Mechanisms.\u201d Journal of Autoimmunity 52 (August 2014): 90\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.011.\nBonilla, Francisco A., and Hans C. Oettgen. \u201cAdaptive Immunity.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): S33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.017.\nBoothpur, Raghavender, Karen L. Hardinger, Rebecca M. Skelton, Brunilda Lluka, Matthew J. Koch, Brent W. Miller, Niraj M. Desai, and Daniel C. Brennan. \u201cSerum Sickness After Treatment With Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Previous Rabbit Exposure.\u201d American Journal of Kidney Diseases 55, no. 1 (January 2010): 141\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.06.017.\nCarroll, Michael C. \u201cThe Complement System in Regulation of Adaptive Immunity.\u201d Nature Immunology 5, no. 10 (October 2004): 981\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni1113.\nChung, Wen-Hung, and Shuen-Iu Hung. \u201cRecent Advances in the Genetics and Immunology of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrosis.\u201d Journal of Dermatological Science 66, no. 3 (June 2012): 190\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.04.002.\nCrisp\u00edn, Jos\u00e9 C., Stamatis-Nick C. Liossis, Katalin Kis-Toth, Linda A. Lieberman, Vasileios C. Kyttaris, Yuang-Taung Juang, and George C. 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S1 (December 2015): A149\u2013A149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1939-4551-8-S1-A149.\nNasr, Samih H, Jai Radhakrishnan, and Vivette D D\u2019Agati. \u201cBacterial Infection\u2013related Glomerulonephritis in Adults.\u201d Kidney International 83, no. 5 (May 2013): 792\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2012.407.\nNayak, Surajit, and Basanti Acharjya. \u201cMantoux Test and Its Interpretation.\u201d Indian Dermatology Online Journal 3, no. 1 (2012): 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2229-5178.93479.\nObukhanych, Tetyana V., and Michel C. Nussenzweig. \u201cT-Independent Type II Immune Responses Generate Memory B Cells.\u201d The Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, no. 2 (February 20, 2006): 305\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20052036.\nPerez-Andres, M., B. Paiva, W. G. Nieto, A. Caraux, A. Schmitz, J. Almeida, R. F. Vogt, et al. \u201cHuman Peripheral Blood B-Cell Compartments: A Crossroad in B-Cell Traffic.\u201d Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry 78B, no. 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Chapman. \u201cCurli Biogenesis and Function.\u201d Annual Review of Microbiology 60, no. 1 (October 2006): 131\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.60.080805.142106.\nBronesky, Delphine, Zongfu Wu, Stefano Marzi, Philippe Walter, Thomas Geissmann, Karen Moreau, Fran\u00e7ois Vandenesch, Isabelle Caldelari, and Pascale Romby. \u201cStaphylococcus Aureus RNAIII and Its Regulon Link Quorum Sensing, Stress Responses, Metabolic Adaptation, and Regulation of Virulence Gene Expression.\u201d Annual Review of Microbiology 70, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 299\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095708.\nCroucher, Nicholas J., Rafal Mostowy, Christopher Wymant, Paul Turner, Stephen D. Bentley, and Christophe Fraser. \u201cHorizontal DNA Transfer Mechanisms of Bacteria as Weapons of Intragenomic Conflict.\u201d Edited by Nick H. Barton. PLOS Biology 14, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): e1002394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002394.\nEdmond, Karen M, Christina Kortsalioudaki, Susana Scott, Stephanie J Schrag, Anita KM Zaidi, Simon Cousens, and Paul T Heath. \u201cGroup B Streptococcal Disease in Infants Aged Younger than 3 Months: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\u201d The Lancet 379, no. 9815 (February 2012): 547\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61651-6.\nGelvin, Stanton B. \u201cAgricultural Biotechnology: Gene Exchange by Design.\u201d Nature 433, no. 7026 (February 10, 2005): 583\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/433583a.\nGreen, Erin R., and Joan Mecsas. \u201cBacterial Secretion Systems: An Overview.\u201d In Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens, Fifth Edition, edited by Indira T. Kudva, Nancy A. Cornick, Paul J. Plummer, Qijing Zhang, Tracy L. Nicholson, John P. Bannantine, and Bryan H. Bellaire, 215\u201339. American Society of Microbiology, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0012-2015.\nHu, Chunyan, Ning Xiong, Yong Zhang, Simon Rayner, and Shiyun Chen. \u201cFunctional Characterization of Lipase in the Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus Aureus.\u201d Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 419, no. 4 (March 2012): 617\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.02.057.\nHynes, Wayne L, and Sheryl Lynne Walton. \u201cHyaluronidases of Gram-Positive Bacteria.\u201d FEMS Microbiology Letters 183, no. 2 (February 2000): 201\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08958.x.\nKlemm, Elizabeth, and Gordon Dougan. \u201cAdvances in Understanding Bacterial Pathogenesis Gained from Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetics.\u201d Cell Host & Microbe 19, no. 5 (May 2016): 599\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.015.\nKline, Kimberly A., Stefan F\u00e4lker, Sofia Dahlberg, Staffan Normark, and Birgitta Henriques-Normark. \u201cBacterial Adhesins in Host-Microbe Interactions.\u201d Cell Host & Microbe 5, no. 6 (June 2009): 580\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.011.\nLe, Katherine Y., and Michael Otto. \u201cQuorum-Sensing Regulation in Staphylococci\u2014an Overview.\u201d Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (October 27, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01174.\nLee, Lawrence\u00a0Y.\u00a0L., Magnus H\u00f6\u00f6k, David Haviland, Rick\u00a0A. Wetsel, Edward\u00a0O. Yonter, Peter Syribeys, John Vernachio, and Eric\u00a0L. Brown. \u201cInhibition of Complement Activation by a Secreted Staphylococcus Aureus Protein.\u201d The Journal of Infectious Diseases 190, no. 3 (August 2004): 571\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/422259.\nMIDDLEBROOK, JOHN L, and REBECCA B DORLAND. \u201cBacterial Toxins: Cellular Mechanisms of Action\u201d 48 (1984): 23.\nO\u2019Donnell, M., L. Langston, and B. Stillman. \u201cPrinciples and Concepts of DNA Replication in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.\u201d Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 5, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): a010108\u2013a010108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a010108.\nPollitt, Eric J. G., Stuart A. West, Shanika A. Crusz, Maxwell N. Burton-Chellew, and Stephen P. Diggle. \u201cCooperation, Quorum Sensing, and Evolution of Virulence in Staphylococcus Aureus.\u201d Edited by B. A. McCormick. Infection and Immunity 82, no. 3 (March 2014): 1045\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.01216-13.\nRamachandran, Girish. \u201cGram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Toxins in Sepsis: A Brief Review.\u201d Virulence 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 213\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/viru.27024.\nRibet, David, and Pascale Cossart. \u201cHow Bacterial Pathogens Colonize Their Hosts and Invade Deeper Tissues.\u201d Microbes and Infection 17, no. 3 (March 2015): 173\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.01.004.\nRutherford, S. T., and B. L. Bassler. \u201cBacterial Quorum Sensing: Its Role in Virulence and Possibilities for Its Control.\u201d Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): a012427\u2013a012427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a012427.\nSauer, Frederic G, Matthew A Mulvey, Joel D Schilling, Juan J Martinez, and Scott J Hultgren. \u201cBacterial Pili: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis,\u201d n.d., 8.\nSieber, Karsten B., Robin E. Bromley, and Julie C. Dunning Hotopp. \u201cLateral Gene Transfer between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.\u201d Experimental Cell Research 358, no. 2 (September 2017): 421\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.02.009.\nSOTO, GABRIEL E, and SCOTT J HULTGREN. \u201cBacterial Adhesins: Common Themes and Variations in Architecture and Assembly.\u201d J. BACTERIOL. 181 (1999): 13.\nWalker, M. J., T. C. Barnett, J. D. McArthur, J. N. Cole, C. M. Gillen, A. Henningham, K. S. Sriprakash, M. L. Sanderson-Smith, and V. Nizet. \u201cDisease Manifestations and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus.\u201d Clinical Microbiology Reviews 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 264\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00101-13.\nWendel, Brian M., Charmain T. Courcelle, and Justin Courcelle. \u201cCompletion of DNA Replication in Escherichia Coli.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 46 (November 18, 2014): 16454\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1415025111.\nYao, Nina, and Mike O\u2019Donnell. \u201cBacterial and Eukaryotic Replisome Machines,\u201d 2016, 15.\nYarwood, Jeremy M., and Patrick M. Schlievert. \u201cQuorum Sensing in Staphylococcus Infections.\u201d Journal of Clinical Investigation 112, no. 11 (December 1, 2003): 1620\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI200320442.\n\n"},{"id":"2198","urlId":"bacterial-infections","name":"Principles of Bacterial Infections","tutorials":[{"id":"1491","urlId":"bacterial-pathogenesis-colonization","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Bacterial Pathogenesis: Colonization","duration":"500","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1491-1697557934671.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1492","urlId":"bacterial-pathogenesis-damage-host","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Bacterial Pathogenesis: Damage to Host","duration":"375","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1492-1697559116839.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"Barnhart, Michelle M., and Matthew R. Chapman. \u201cCurli Biogenesis and Function.\u201d Annual Review of Microbiology 60, no. 1 (October 2006): 131\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.60.080805.142106.\nBronesky, Delphine, Zongfu Wu, Stefano Marzi, Philippe Walter, Thomas Geissmann, Karen Moreau, Fran\u00e7ois Vandenesch, Isabelle Caldelari, and Pascale Romby. \u201cStaphylococcus Aureus RNAIII and Its Regulon Link Quorum Sensing, Stress Responses, Metabolic Adaptation, and Regulation of Virulence Gene Expression.\u201d Annual Review of Microbiology 70, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 299\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095708.\nCroucher, Nicholas J., Rafal Mostowy, Christopher Wymant, Paul Turner, Stephen D. Bentley, and Christophe Fraser. \u201cHorizontal DNA Transfer Mechanisms of Bacteria as Weapons of Intragenomic Conflict.\u201d Edited by Nick H. Barton. PLOS Biology 14, no. 3 (March 2, 2016): e1002394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002394.\nEdmond, Karen M, Christina Kortsalioudaki, Susana Scott, Stephanie J Schrag, Anita KM Zaidi, Simon Cousens, and Paul T Heath. \u201cGroup B Streptococcal Disease in Infants Aged Younger than 3 Months: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\u201d The Lancet 379, no. 9815 (February 2012): 547\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61651-6.\nGelvin, Stanton B. \u201cAgricultural Biotechnology: Gene Exchange by Design.\u201d Nature 433, no. 7026 (February 10, 2005): 583\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/433583a.\nGreen, Erin R., and Joan Mecsas. \u201cBacterial Secretion Systems: An Overview.\u201d In Virulence Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens, Fifth Edition, edited by Indira T. Kudva, Nancy A. Cornick, Paul J. Plummer, Qijing Zhang, Tracy L. Nicholson, John P. Bannantine, and Bryan H. Bellaire, 215\u201339. American Society of Microbiology, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0012-2015.\nHu, Chunyan, Ning Xiong, Yong Zhang, Simon Rayner, and Shiyun Chen. \u201cFunctional Characterization of Lipase in the Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus Aureus.\u201d Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 419, no. 4 (March 2012): 617\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.02.057.\nHynes, Wayne L, and Sheryl Lynne Walton. \u201cHyaluronidases of Gram-Positive Bacteria.\u201d FEMS Microbiology Letters 183, no. 2 (February 2000): 201\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08958.x.\nKlemm, Elizabeth, and Gordon Dougan. \u201cAdvances in Understanding Bacterial Pathogenesis Gained from Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetics.\u201d Cell Host & Microbe 19, no. 5 (May 2016): 599\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.015.\nKline, Kimberly A., Stefan F\u00e4lker, Sofia Dahlberg, Staffan Normark, and Birgitta Henriques-Normark. \u201cBacterial Adhesins in Host-Microbe Interactions.\u201d Cell Host & Microbe 5, no. 6 (June 2009): 580\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.011.\nLe, Katherine Y., and Michael Otto. \u201cQuorum-Sensing Regulation in Staphylococci\u2014an Overview.\u201d Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (October 27, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01174.\nLee, Lawrence\u00a0Y.\u00a0L., Magnus H\u00f6\u00f6k, David Haviland, Rick\u00a0A. Wetsel, Edward\u00a0O. Yonter, Peter Syribeys, John Vernachio, and Eric\u00a0L. Brown. \u201cInhibition of Complement Activation by a Secreted Staphylococcus Aureus Protein.\u201d The Journal of Infectious Diseases 190, no. 3 (August 2004): 571\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/422259.\nMIDDLEBROOK, JOHN L, and REBECCA B DORLAND. \u201cBacterial Toxins: Cellular Mechanisms of Action\u201d 48 (1984): 23.\nO\u2019Donnell, M., L. Langston, and B. Stillman. \u201cPrinciples and Concepts of DNA Replication in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.\u201d Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 5, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): a010108\u2013a010108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a010108.\nPollitt, Eric J. G., Stuart A. West, Shanika A. Crusz, Maxwell N. Burton-Chellew, and Stephen P. Diggle. \u201cCooperation, Quorum Sensing, and Evolution of Virulence in Staphylococcus Aureus.\u201d Edited by B. A. McCormick. Infection and Immunity 82, no. 3 (March 2014): 1045\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.01216-13.\nRamachandran, Girish. \u201cGram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Toxins in Sepsis: A Brief Review.\u201d Virulence 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 213\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/viru.27024.\nRibet, David, and Pascale Cossart. \u201cHow Bacterial Pathogens Colonize Their Hosts and Invade Deeper Tissues.\u201d Microbes and Infection 17, no. 3 (March 2015): 173\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.01.004.\nRutherford, S. T., and B. L. Bassler. \u201cBacterial Quorum Sensing: Its Role in Virulence and Possibilities for Its Control.\u201d Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): a012427\u2013a012427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a012427.\nSauer, Frederic G, Matthew A Mulvey, Joel D Schilling, Juan J Martinez, and Scott J Hultgren. \u201cBacterial Pili: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis,\u201d n.d., 8.\nSieber, Karsten B., Robin E. Bromley, and Julie C. Dunning Hotopp. \u201cLateral Gene Transfer between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.\u201d Experimental Cell Research 358, no. 2 (September 2017): 421\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.02.009.\nSOTO, GABRIEL E, and SCOTT J HULTGREN. \u201cBacterial Adhesins: Common Themes and Variations in Architecture and Assembly.\u201d J. BACTERIOL. 181 (1999): 13.\nWalker, M. J., T. C. Barnett, J. D. McArthur, J. N. Cole, C. M. Gillen, A. Henningham, K. S. Sriprakash, M. L. Sanderson-Smith, and V. Nizet. \u201cDisease Manifestations and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus.\u201d Clinical Microbiology Reviews 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 264\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00101-13.\nWendel, Brian M., Charmain T. Courcelle, and Justin Courcelle. \u201cCompletion of DNA Replication in Escherichia Coli.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 46 (November 18, 2014): 16454\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1415025111.\nYao, Nina, and Mike O\u2019Donnell. \u201cBacterial and Eukaryotic Replisome Machines,\u201d 2016, 15.\nYarwood, Jeremy M., and Patrick M. Schlievert. \u201cQuorum Sensing in Staphylococcus Infections.\u201d Journal of Clinical Investigation 112, no. 11 (December 1, 2003): 1620\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI200320442.\n\n"},{"id":"2193","urlId":"normal-flora","name":"Normal Flora","tutorials":[{"id":"1487","urlId":"human-microbiome","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Human Microbiome","duration":"464","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1487-1694634318723.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0}],"citations":"Arag\u00f3n, Isabel M., Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda, Mar\u00eda I. Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o, Elisabeth Castillo, Julia Sequeira-Garc\u00eda Del Moral, Jaime G\u00f3mez-Mill\u00e1n, Gozde Yucel, and Mar\u00eda F. Lara. \u201cThe Urinary Tract Microbiome in Health and Disease.\u201d European Urology Focus, November 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2016.11.001.\nBrawner, Kyle M., Casey D. Morrow, and Phillip D. Smith. \u201cGastric Microbiome and Gastric Cancer:\u201d The Cancer Journal 20, no. 3 (2014): 211\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000043.\nCho, Ilseung, and Martin J. Blaser. \u201cThe Human Microbiome: At the Interface of Health and Disease.\u201d Nature Reviews Genetics 13, no. 4 (April 2012): 260\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg3182.\n\u201cColonization and Infection.\u201d Central European Journal of Urology 67, no. 01 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5173\/ceju.2014.01.art19.\nEckburg, P. B. \u201cDiversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora.\u201d Science 308, no. 5728 (June 10, 2005): 1635\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1110591.\nEl Aidy, Sahar, Bartholomeus van den Bogert, and Michiel Kleerebezem. \u201cThe Small Intestine Microbiota, Nutritional Modulation and Relevance for Health.\u201d Current Opinion in Biotechnology 32 (April 2015): 14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2014.09.005.\nKhanna, Sahil, and Pritish K. Tosh. \u201cA Clinician\u2019s Primer on the Role of the Microbiome in Human Health and Disease.\u201d Mayo Clinic Proceedings 89, no. 1 (January 2014): 107\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.10.011.\nKim, Yihwan, InSong Koh, and Mina Rho. \u201cDeciphering the Human Microbiome Using Next-Generation Sequencing Data and Bioinformatics Approaches.\u201d Methods 79\u201380 (June 2015): 52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymeth.2014.10.022.\nMuszer, Magdalena, Magdalena Noszczy\u0144ska, Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz, and Mikael Skurnik. \u201cHuman Microbiome: When a Friend Becomes an Enemy.\u201d Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 63, no. 4 (August 2015): 287\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00005-015-0332-3.\nNardone, Gerardo, and Debora Compare. \u201cThe Human Gastric Microbiota: Is It Time to Rethink the Pathogenesis of Stomach Diseases?\u201d United European Gastroenterology Journal 3, no. 3 (June 2015): 255\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640614566846.\nNoto, Jennifer M., and Richard M. Peek. \u201cThe Gastric Microbiome, Its Interaction with Helicobacter Pylori, and Its Potential Role in the Progression to Stomach Cancer.\u201d Edited by John M Leong. PLOS Pathogens 13, no. 10 (October 5, 2017): e1006573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006573.\nShreiner, Andrew B., John Y. Kao, and Vincent B. Young. \u201cThe Gut Microbiome in Health and in Disease:\u201d Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 31, no. 1 (January 2015): 69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000139.\nThe Human Microbiome Project Consortium. \u201cStructure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome.\u201d Nature 486, no. 7402 (June 2012): 207\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11234.\n\n"},{"id":"2176","urlId":"bacteria","name":"Bacteria Biology","tutorials":[{"id":"1168","urlId":"prokaryote-vs-eukaryote-cells","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Cells","duration":"199","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1168-1456165463855.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1483","urlId":"bacterial-structure-morphology","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Bacterial Structure & Morphology","duration":"386","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1483-1696361549683.png","hasQuizQuestions":7,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1484","urlId":"bacterial-genetics","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Bacterial Growth & Replication","duration":"476","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1484-1696364462942.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1485","urlId":"bacterial-dna-transfer","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Bacterial Horizontal DNA Transfer","duration":"316","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1485-1696427804336.png","hasQuizQuestions":6,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1234","urlId":"transcriptional-control-bacteria","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Transcriptional Control: Bacteria","duration":"411","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1234-1458158253797.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"Arag\u00f3n, Isabel M., Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda, Mar\u00eda I. Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o, Elisabeth Castillo, Julia Sequeira-Garc\u00eda Del Moral, Jaime G\u00f3mez-Mill\u00e1n, Gozde Yucel, and Mar\u00eda F. Lara. \u201cThe Urinary Tract Microbiome in Health and Disease.\u201d European Urology Focus, November 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2016.11.001.\nBrawner, Kyle M., Casey D. Morrow, and Phillip D. Smith. \u201cGastric Microbiome and Gastric Cancer:\u201d The Cancer Journal 20, no. 3 (2014): 211\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000043.\nCho, Ilseung, and Martin J. Blaser. \u201cThe Human Microbiome: At the Interface of Health and Disease.\u201d Nature Reviews Genetics 13, no. 4 (April 2012): 260\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg3182.\n\u201cColonization and Infection.\u201d Central European Journal of Urology 67, no. 01 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5173\/ceju.2014.01.art19.\nEckburg, P. B. \u201cDiversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora.\u201d Science 308, no. 5728 (June 10, 2005): 1635\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1110591.\nEl Aidy, Sahar, Bartholomeus van den Bogert, and Michiel Kleerebezem. \u201cThe Small Intestine Microbiota, Nutritional Modulation and Relevance for Health.\u201d Current Opinion in Biotechnology 32 (April 2015): 14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2014.09.005.\nKhanna, Sahil, and Pritish K. Tosh. \u201cA Clinician\u2019s Primer on the Role of the Microbiome in Human Health and Disease.\u201d Mayo Clinic Proceedings 89, no. 1 (January 2014): 107\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.10.011.\nKim, Yihwan, InSong Koh, and Mina Rho. \u201cDeciphering the Human Microbiome Using Next-Generation Sequencing Data and Bioinformatics Approaches.\u201d Methods 79\u201380 (June 2015): 52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymeth.2014.10.022.\nMuszer, Magdalena, Magdalena Noszczy\u0144ska, Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz, and Mikael Skurnik. \u201cHuman Microbiome: When a Friend Becomes an Enemy.\u201d Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 63, no. 4 (August 2015): 287\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00005-015-0332-3.\nNardone, Gerardo, and Debora Compare. \u201cThe Human Gastric Microbiota: Is It Time to Rethink the Pathogenesis of Stomach Diseases?\u201d United European Gastroenterology Journal 3, no. 3 (June 2015): 255\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640614566846.\nNoto, Jennifer M., and Richard M. Peek. \u201cThe Gastric Microbiome, Its Interaction with Helicobacter Pylori, and Its Potential Role in the Progression to Stomach Cancer.\u201d Edited by John M Leong. PLOS Pathogens 13, no. 10 (October 5, 2017): e1006573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006573.\nShreiner, Andrew B., John Y. Kao, and Vincent B. Young. \u201cThe Gut Microbiome in Health and in Disease:\u201d Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 31, no. 1 (January 2015): 69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000139.\nThe Human Microbiome Project Consortium. \u201cStructure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome.\u201d Nature 486, no. 7402 (June 2012): 207\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11234.\n\n\nBarnhart, Michelle M., and Matthew R. Chapman. \u201cCurli Biogenesis and Function.\u201d Annual Review of Microbiology 60, no. 1 (October 2006): 131\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.60.080805.142106.\nBronesky, Delphine, Zongfu Wu, Stefano Marzi, Philippe Walter, Thomas Geissmann, Karen Moreau, Fran\u00e7ois Vandenesch, Isabelle Caldelari, and Pascale Romby. \u201cStaphylococcus Aureus RNAIII and Its Regulon Link Quorum Sensing, Stress Responses, Metabolic Adaptation, and Regulation of Virulence Gene Expression.\u201d Annual Review of Microbiology 70, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 299\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095708.\nCroucher, Nicholas J., Rafal Mostowy, Christopher Wymant, Paul Turner, Stephen D. Bentley, and Christophe Fraser. \u201cHorizontal DNA Transfer Mechanisms of Bacteria as Weapons of Intragenomic Conflict.\u201d Edited by Nick H. Barton. 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Stern. \u201cLinezolid and Serotonin Syndrome.\u201d Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 11, no. 6 (2009): 353\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/PCC.09r00853.\nRaghavan, Rajeev, and Saed Shawar. \u201cMechanisms of Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis.\u201d Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 24, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 64\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2016.11.004.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cMechanisms of Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis.\u201d Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, Tubulointerstitial Disorders, 24, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 64\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2016.11.004.\nRandall, Christopher P., Katherine R. Mariner, Ian Chopra, and Alex J. O\u2019Neill. \u201cThe Target of Daptomycin Is Absent from Escherichia Coli and Other Gram-Negative Pathogens.\u201d Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 1 (January 2013): 637\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.02005-12.\nSmith, Liz. \u201cManagement of Bacterial Meningitis: New Guidelines from the IDSA.\u201d American Family Physician 71, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 2003.\nTran, Truc T., Jose M. Munita, and Cesar A. Arias. \u201cMechanisms of Drug Resistance: Daptomycin Resistance.\u201d Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1354 (September 2015): 32\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.12948.\nZhanel, George G., Ryan Wiebe, Leanne Dilay, Kristjan Thomson, Ethan Rubinstein, Daryl J. Hoban, Ayman M. Noreddin, and James A. Karlowsky. \u201cComparative Review of the Carbapenems.\u201d Drugs 67, no. 7 (2007): 1027\u201352.\nAccessed May 4, 2018. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Martin_Shearer\/publication\/19805312_Mechanism_of_Cephalosporin-induced_Hypoprothrombinemia_Relation_to_Cephalosporin_Side_Chain_Vitamin_K_Metabolism_and_Vitamin_K_Status\/links\/58bf2000a6fdccff7b1f9be8\/Mechanism-of-Cephalosporin-induced-Hypoprothrombinemia-Relation-to-Cephalosporin-Side-Chain-Vitamin-K-Metabolism-and-Vitamin-K-Status.pdf?origin=publication_detail.\n"}],"image":"\/icons\/subjects\/bacterial-transfer-trans.png","numTutorials":33},{"id":"680","name":"Infectious Disease  - Viruses & Antivirals","urlId":"infectious-disease-viruses","subjects":[{"id":"2177","urlId":"viruses","name":"Virus Biology","tutorials":[{"id":"1200","urlId":"viruses-overview","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Viruses Overview","duration":"283","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1200-1458070713585.png","hasQuizQuestions":7,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1534","urlId":"viral-replication","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Viral Replication","duration":"349","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1534-1697556799136.png","hasQuizQuestions":0,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0}],"citations":"Virus Introduction:\n\nAdams, Michael J., Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Andrew M. Q. King, Bal\u00e1zs Harrach, Robert L. Harrison, Nick J. Knowles, Andrew M. Kropinski, et al. \u201cChanges to Taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature Ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2017).\u201d Archives of Virology 162, no. 8 (August 2017): 2505\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-017-3358-5.\n\nAhlquist, Paul, Amine O. Noueiry, Wai-Ming Lee, David B. Kushner, and Billy T. Dye. \u201cHost Factors in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication.\u201d Journal of Virology 77, no. 15 (August 1, 2003): 8181\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.77.15.8181-8186.2003.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cHost Factors in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication.\u201d Journal of Virology 77, no. 15 (August 1, 2003): 8181\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.77.15.8181-8186.2003.\n\nBeards, Graham MD. \u201cBacteriophages on Bacterial Cell Wall Transmission Electron Microscope.\u201d Wikipedia, May 11, 2018. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Virus&oldid=840723345.\n\n\u201cDetails - Public Health Image Library(PHIL).\u201d Accessed May 18, 2018. https:\/\/phil.cdc.gov\/details.aspx?pid=1832.\n\nEdwards, KT, AR Spikler, and G Dvorak. \u201cSelected Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected,\u201d n.d., 7.\n\n\u201cFile:Adenovirus 4.jpg.\u201d Wikipedia. Accessed May 18, 2018. https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Adenovirus_4.jpg.\n\nGlobal, C. D. C. Created by CDC Microbiologist Frederick A. Murphy, This Colorized Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) Revealed Some of the Ultrastructural Morphology Displayed by an Ebola Virus Virion. See PHIL 1181 for a Black and White Version of This Image. August 13, 2014. Ebola virus. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ebola_virus_(2).jpg.\n\nHaywood, A M. \u201cVirus Receptors: Binding, Adhesion Strengthening, and Changes in Viral Structure.\u201d Journal of Virology 68, no. 1 (January 1994): 1\u20135.\n\n\u201cMarburg_virus.Jpg (700\u00d7474).\u201d Accessed May 17, 2018. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/Marburg_virus.jpg.\n\n\u201cPapilloma_Virus_(HPV)_EM.Jpg (900\u00d71200).\u201d Accessed May 17, 2018. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c4\/Papilloma_Virus_%28HPV%29_EM.jpg. \n\nDetails of an Influenza Virus Particle, or \u201cVirion\u201d: Providers, Photo Credit: Cynthia GoldsmithContent. English: This Negative-Stained Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) Depicts the Ultrastructural . A Member of the Taxonomic Family Orthomyxoviridae, the Influenza Virus Is a Single-Stranded RNA Organism. 1981. This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #8430. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Influenza_virus_particle_8430_lores.jpg.\n\nFilamentous Marburg Virions: Providers, Photo Credit:Content. English: This Negative Stained Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) Depicts a Number of Filamentous Marburg Virions, Which Had Been Cultured on Vero Cell Cultures, and Purified on Sucrose, Rate-Zonal Gradients. Note the Virus\u2019s Morphologic Appearance with Its Characteristic \u201cShepherd\u2019s Crook\u201d Shape; Magnified Approximately 100,000x.This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #275. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Marburg_virus.jpg.\n\nTobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Particles Negative Stained with Heavy Metal to Make Them Visible in the TEM. Magnified 160,000X. not specified. [1]. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg.\n\n\u201cVirus Structure.\u201d Accessed May 29, 2018. https:\/\/msu.edu\/course\/mmg\/569\/Virus%20Structure.htm.\nAccessed May 24, 2018. https:\/\/viralzone.expasy.org\/.\n\nViral Replication:\nBeachboard, Dia C., and Stacy M. Horner. \u201cInnate Immune Evasion Strategies of DNA and RNA Viruses.\u201d Current Opinion in Microbiology 32 (August 2016): 113\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2016.05.015.\n\nGao, Hong, and Marcus W. Feldman. \u201cComplementation and Epistasis in Viral Coinfection Dynamics.\u201d Genetics 182, no. 1 (May 2009): 251\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1534\/genetics.108.099796.\n\nKilcher, Samuel, and Jason Mercer. \u201cDNA Virus Uncoating.\u201d Virology 479\u2013480 (May 2015): 578\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2015.01.024.\n\nKnipe, David Mahan, and Peter M. Howley. Fields\u2019 Virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.\n\nLIBBEY, JANE E., and ROBERT S. FUJINAMI. \u201cAdaptive Immune Response to Viral Infections in the Central Nervous System.\u201d Handbook of Clinical Neurology 123 (2014): 225\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53488-0.00010-9.\n\nMahy, Brian W. J. The Dictionary of Virology. Academic Press, 2009.\n\nMercer, Jason, and Ari Helenius. \u201cVirus Entry by Macropinocytosis.\u201d Nature Cell Biology 11, no. 5 (May 2009): 510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncb0509-510.\n\nRandall, R. E., and S. Goodbourn. \u201cInterferons and Viruses: An Interplay between Induction, Signalling, Antiviral Responses and Virus Countermeasures.\u201d Journal of General Virology 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.83391-0.\n\nRyan, Kenneth J., C. George Ray, Nafees Ahmad, W. Lawrence Drew, and James J. Plorde. Sherris Medical Microbiology, Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional, 2014.\n\nSchmid, Melanie, Thomas Speiseder, Thomas Dobner, and Ramon A. Gonzalez. \u201cDNA Virus Replication Compartments.\u201d Journal of Virology 88, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 1404\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02046-13.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cDNA Virus Replication Compartments.\u201d Journal of Virology 88, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 1404\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02046-13.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cDNA Virus Replication Compartments.\u201d Journal of Virology 88, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 1404\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02046-13.\n\n\u201cThe Viral Life Cycle | Microbiology.\u201d Accessed May 29, 2018. https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/microbiology\/chapter\/the-viral-life-cycle\/.\n\nThorley, Jennifer A., Jane A. McKeating, and Joshua Zachary Rappoport. \u201cMechanisms of Viral Entry: Sneaking in the Front Door.\u201d Protoplasma 244, no. 1\u20134 (August 2010): 15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00709-010-0152-6.\n\nYamauchi, Y., and A. Helenius. \u201cVirus Entry at a Glance.\u201d Journal of Cell Science 126, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): 1289\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.119685.\n\nYamauchi, Yohei, and Urs F. Greber. \u201cPrinciples of Virus Uncoating: Cues and the Snooker Ball: Virus Entry and Uncoating.\u201d Traffic 17, no. 6 (June 2016): 569\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tra.12387.\nAccessed May 29, 2018. http:\/\/www2.gsu.edu\/~biotkf\/bio475\/475lecture3.htm.\nAccessed May 30, 2018. https:\/\/viralzone.expasy.org\/936."},{"id":"2464","urlId":"viral-pathogenesis","name":"Viral Pathogenesis","tutorials":[{"id":"1535","urlId":"viral-pathogenesis","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Viral Pathogenesis","duration":"431","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1535-1699022366027.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0}],"citations":""},{"id":"2466","urlId":"enveloped-dna-viruses","name":"Enveloped DNA Viruses","tutorials":[{"id":"1545","urlId":"herpesviruses-1-2","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Herpesviruses 1 & 2: HSV 1 & 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Go Author Info Why Submit? Fees Article Types Author Guidelines Submission Checklist Contact Editorial Office Submit Manuscript Review ARTICLE Abstract Full Text PDF 0 Write a Comment Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: An Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency.\u201d Frontiers in Immunology 2 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00054.\nCunningham-Rundles, Charlotte. \u201cThe Many Faces of Common Variable Immunode\ufb01ciency,\u201d 2012, 5.\nCunningham-Rundles, Charlotte, and Paul J. Maglione. \u201cCommon Variable Immunodeficiency.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129, no. 5 (May 2012): 1425-1426.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.025.\nDavies, E. Graham. \u201cImmunodeficiency in DiGeorge Syndrome and Options for Treating Cases with Complete Athymia.\u201d Frontiers in Immunology 4 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00322.\nGaut, J. P., G. C. Yeh, H. D. Tran, J. Byun, J. P. Henderson, G. M. Richter, M.-L. Brennan, et al. \u201cNeutrophils Employ the Myeloperoxidase System to Generate Antimicrobial Brominating and Chlorinating Oxidants during Sepsis.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 21 (October 9, 2001): 11961\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.211190298.\nHanna, Suhair, and Amos Etzioni. \u201cLeukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies.\u201d Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1250, no. 1 (February 2012): 50\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06389.x.\nHolland, Steven M. \u201cChronic Granulomatous Disease.\u201d Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America 27, no. 1 (February 2013): 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2012.11.002.\nKlebanoff, S. J., A. J. Kettle, H. Rosen, C. C. Winterbourn, and W. M. Nauseef. \u201cMyeloperoxidase: A Front-Line Defender against Phagocytosed Microorganisms.\u201d Journal of Leukocyte Biology 93, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 185\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0712349.\nLeiding, Jennifer W, and Steven M Holland. \u201cChronic Granulomatous Disease,\u201d n.d., 37.\nLewis, Lisa A, and Sanjay Ram. \u201cMeningococcal Disease and the Complement System.\u201d Virulence 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 98\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/viru.26515.\nMaglione, Paul J., Noa Simchoni, and Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles. \u201cToll-like Receptor Signaling in Primary Immune Deficiencies: TLR Signaling in Primary Immune Deficiencies.\u201d Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1356, no. 1 (November 2015): 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.12763.\nMilner, Joshua D., and Steven M. Holland. \u201cThe Cup Runneth over: Lessons from the Ever-Expanding Pool of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 13, no. 9 (September 2013): 635\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3493.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Cup Runneth over: Lessons from the Ever-Expanding Pool of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 13, no. 9 (September 2013): 635\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3493.\nMorena, M. Teresa de la. \u201cClinical Phenotypes of Hyper-IgM Syndromes.\u201d The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 4, no. 6 (November 2016): 1023\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.09.013.\nNotarangelo, Luigi D. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiencies.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): S182\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.053.\nPanday, Arvind, Malaya K Sahoo, Diana Osorio, and Sanjay Batra. \u201cNADPH Oxidases: An Overview from Structure to Innate Immunity-Associated Pathologies.\u201d Cellular & Molecular Immunology 12, no. 1 (January 2015): 5\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cmi.2014.89.\nParvaneh, Nima, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Luigi Daniele Notarangelo, and Mary Ellen Conley. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiencies: A Rapidly Evolving Story.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 131, no. 2 (February 2013): 314\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.11.051.\nPicard, Capucine, Waleed Al-Herz, Aziz Bousfiha, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Talal Chatila, Mary Ellen Conley, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, et al. \u201cPrimary Immunodeficiency Diseases: An Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency 2015.\u201d Journal of Clinical Immunology 35, no. 8 (November 2015): 696\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-015-0201-1.\nRezaei, Nima, Elham Mahmoudi, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Rupali Das, and Kim E. Nichols. \u201cX-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome: A Genetic Condition Typified by the Triad of Infection, Immunodeficiency and Lymphoma: Review.\u201d British Journal of Haematology 152, no. 1 (January 2011): 13\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08442.x.\nRoifman, Chaim M., Raz Somech, Fotini Kavadas, Linda Pires, Amit Nahum, Ilan Dalal, and Eyal Grunebaum. \u201cDefining Combined Immunodeficiency.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 130, no. 1 (July 2012): 177\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.029.\nSubbarayan, A., G. Colarusso, S. M. Hughes, A. R. Gennery, M. Slatter, A. J. Cant, and P. D. 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