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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, 2014).\n13. 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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, 2014).\n13. Gordon, S. & Martinez, F. O. Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanism and functions. Immunity Review. 32: 593-604 (2010).\n14. Wenzel, S. E. Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches. Nature Medicine. 18(5): 716-725(2012).\n15. Russell, D. G., Cardona, P., Kim, M., et. al. Foamy macrophages and the progression of the human TB granuloma. Nature Immunology. 10: 943-948 (2009).\n16.\tNovak, M. L., Koh, T. J. Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair. Journal Leukocyte Biology. 93(6): 875-881 (2013).\n17. \tWynn, T. A. & Vannella, K. M. Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. Immunity. 44(3): 450-462 (2016).\n18. \tWynn, T. A. & Barron, L. Macrophages: Master regulators of inflammation and fibrosis. Seminars in Liver Disease 30(3): 245-257 (2010).\n19.\tGuirado, E. & Schlesinger, L. S. Modelling the Mycobacterium tuberculosis granuloma \u2013 the critical battlefield in host immunity and disease. Frontiers in Immunology. 4(98): 1-7 (2013).\n20.\tJeffery, P. K. Remodeling and inflammation of bronchi in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 1: 176-183 (2004).\n21.\tRamakrishnan, L. Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis. Nature Reviews Immunology. 12: 352-366 (2012).\n22.\tMartinez, F. O. & Gordon, S. The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment. F1000 Prime Reports. 6:13 (2014).\n23.\tVestweber, D. How leukocytes cross the vascular endothelium. Nature Reviews Immunology. 15: 692-704 (2015).\n24.\tChandrasekharan, J. A. & Sharma-Walia, N. Lipoxins: Nature\u2019s way to resolve inflammation. Journal of Inflammation Research. 8:181-192 (2015).\n25.\tOkafor, O. N., Gorog, D. A. Endogenous fibrinolysis: An important mediator of thrombus formation and cardiovascular risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 65(16): 1683-1699 (2015).\n26.\tChapin, J. C. & Hajjar, K. A. Fibrinolysis and the control of blood coagulation. Blood Reviews. 29(1): 17-24 (2015).\n27.\tVersteeg, H. H., Heemskerk, J. W. M., Levi, M, & Reitsma, P. H. New fundamentals in hemostasis. Physiology Review. 93: 327-358 (2013).\n28.\tKumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Aster, J. C. Robbins and Cotran Pathological Basis of Disease, ed. 9. 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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, 2014).\n"},{"id":"412","urlId":"regulation-homeostasis","name":"Regulation and Homeostasis","tutorials":[{"id":"1286","urlId":"intrinsic-blood-flow-regulation","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Intrinsic Blood Flow Regulation","duration":"373","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1286-1711136489149.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1095","urlId":"the-baroreceptor-reflex---fundamental-anatomy--physiology","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Baroreceptor Reflex","demo":"demo","duration":"373","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1095-1750366537854.jpg","hasQuizQuestions":7,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"1.\tBoron, W.F., & Boulpaep, E.L. Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. 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Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology, 3rd ed. (Elsevier Saunders, 2012).\n2.\tYoung, B., O\u2019Dowd, & Woodford, P. Wheater\u2019s Functional Histology: A Text and Color Atlas. (Elsevier Churchill Livingston, 2014).\n3.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier Saunders, 2013). \n4.\tEroschenko, V.P. diFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 12th ed. (Wolters Kluwer, 2013). \n5.\tMeschner A.L. Junqueira\u2019s Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 12th ed. (McGraw Hill, 2010). \n6.      Henrickson, R.C., Kaye, G.I., & Mazurkiewicz, J.E. NMS: Histology, Volume 518. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1997.)\n7.      Boron, W.F., & Boulpaep, E.L. Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009)."},{"id":"2064","urlId":"pathology","name":"Pathology","tutorials":[{"id":"1440","urlId":"heart-murmurs","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Heart Murmurs (Stenosis & Regurgitation)","duration":"555","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1440-1689175908361.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1436","urlId":"av-node-block","format":"default","role":"default","title":"AV Node Block, Sick Sinus Syndrome, & Bundle Branch Block","duration":"386","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1436-1699886561701.png","hasQuizQuestions":7,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1437","urlId":"supraventricular-ventricular-arrhythmias","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Supraventricular & Ventricular Arrhythmias","duration":"565","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1437-1493491664812.gif","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1458","urlId":"disorders-hemostasis","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Hemostatic Disorders (Platelet & Coagulation Disorders)","duration":"494","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1458-1695143018206.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1615","urlId":"hypertension-pathophysiology","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Hypertension: Pathophysiology","duration":"302","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1615-1689861516223.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1457","urlId":"atherosclerosis","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Atherosclerosis","duration":"499","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1457-1689087278392.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1629","urlId":"heart-failure","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Heart Failure","duration":"635","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1629-1689106756030.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"1.\tZuhlke, L., Engel, M. 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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. 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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. 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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, 2014).\n"},{"id":"1698","urlId":"neurological-control","name":"Neurological Control","tutorials":[{"id":"1307","urlId":"neural-control-of-respiration","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Neural Control of Respiration","demo":"extended-demo","duration":"465","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1307-1465326033812.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"1.\tAfifi, A. K. & Bergman, R. A. Functional neuroanatomy: text and atlas, 2nd ed. (Lange Medical Books \/ McGraw-Hill, 2005).\n\n2.\tBruni, J. E. & Montemurro , D. G. Human neuroanatomy: a text, brain atlas, and laboratory dissection guide. (Oxford University Press, 2009).\n\n3.\tCohen, H. S. Neuroscience for rehabilitation, 2nd ed. (Lippincott; Williams & Wilkins, 1999).\n\n4.\tDeMyer, W. Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed. (Williams & Wilkins, 1998).\n\n5.\tHaines, D. E. & Ard, M. D. Fundamental neuroscience: for basic and clinical applications, 3rd ed. (Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2006).\n\n6.\tKiernan, J. A. & Barr, M. L. Barr\u2019s the human nervous system: an anatomical viewpoint, 9th ed. (Wolters Kluwer\/Lippincott, \n\n7.\tLoewy, A. D. & Spyer, K. M. Central regulation of autonomic functions, Chapter 9 (Oxford University Press, 1990).\n\n8.\tNestler, E. J., Hyman, S. E. & Malenka, R. C. Molecular neuropharmacology: a foundation for clinical neuroscience, pp. 183 \u2013 184 (McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division, 2001).\n\n9.\tNetter, F. H. & Dalley, A. F. Atlas of human anatomy, 2nd ed., Plates 4\u20137 (Novartis, 1997).\n\n10.\tOstergard, D. R., Bent, A. E., Cundiff, G. W. & Swift, S. E. Ostergard\u2019s urogynecology and pelvic floor dysfunction, 6th ed., Williams & Wilkins, 2009).\n\n11.\tPerry, E. K., Ashton, H. & Young, A. H. Neurochemistry of consciousness: neurotransmitters in mind (J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 2002).\n\n12.\tPosner, J. B. & Plum, F. Plum and Posner\u2019s diagnosis of stupor and coma, 4th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2007).\n\n13.\tRobertson, D. Primer on the autonomic nervous system, 2nd ed. (Elsevier Academic Press, 2004).\n\n14.\tSherwood, L. Fundamentals of physiology: a human perspective, 3rd ed. (Brooks\/Cole; Thomson Learning distributor, 2006).\n\n15.\tSiegel, A. & Sapru, H. N. Essential neuroscience, 2nd ed. (Wolters Kluwer Health\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011).\n\n16.\tSnell, R. S. Clinical neuroanatomy, 7th ed., Chapter 14 (Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010).\n\n17.\tStandring, S. & Gray, H. Gray\u2019s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice, 40th ed. (Churchill Livingstone\/Elsevier, 2008).\n\n18.\tStoker, J., Taylor, S. A. & DeLancey, J. O. L. Imaging pelvic floor disorders, 2nd rev. ed. (Springer, 2008).\n\n19.\tYamada, S. & American Association of Neurological Surgeons.  Tethered cord syndrome in children and adults, 2nd ed., pp. 12\u2013 13 (Thieme; American Association of Neurosurgeons, 2010)."},{"id":"2077","urlId":"hemoglobin","name":"Hemoglobin","tutorials":[{"id":"1194","urlId":"hemoglobin-versus-myoglobin","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Hemoglobin and Myoglobin","thumb":"tutorial\/thumb\/1194-1510585088048.png","duration":"470","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1194-1459257469278.png","hasQuizQuestions":7,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1195","urlId":"hemoglobin-allosteric-effects-part-i","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Hemoglobin Cooperative Binding","duration":"283","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1195-1460583472256.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"1.\tMcKee T. & McKee, J. 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Hemoglobin: Molecular, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects, 32 (W.B. Saunders Company, 1986).\n11.\tPerutz, M.F., Gronenborn, A.M., Clore, G.M., Fogg, J.H. & Shih, D.T. The pKa values of two histidine residues in human haemoglobin, the Bohr effect, and the dipole moments of alpha-helices. 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Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors, 199 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).\n11.\tBaynes, J. & Dominiczak, M. H. Medical Biochemistry, 172-179 (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014).\n12.\tEspinal, J. Understanding Insulin Action: Principles and Molecular Mechanisms, 44 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).\n13.\tCicchillo RM, Iwig DF, Jones AD, et al. Lipoyl synthase requires two equivalents of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to synthesize one equivalent of lipoic acid. Biochemistry. 2004;43(21):6378-6386.\n14.\tChatterjea, M.N. & Shinde, R. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th ed., 186 (JP Medical Ltd, 2011).\n15.\tStenesh, J. Biochemistry, 273 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).\n16.\tRussell, P.J. Biology: The Dynamic Science, Volume 1,166 (Cengage Learning, 2008)\n17.\tNelson, D. L., Lehninger A.L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th ed. (Macmillan, 2008). \n18.\tLodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Scott, M. P., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H. & Matsudaira, P. Molecular Cell Biology, 6th ed., 320 (W. H. Freeman and Company, 2008).\n19.\tAllen, M. J., Hawkridge, F.M. & Cleary, S.F. Charge and Field Effects in Biosystems-2, 77 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).\n20.\tTashijan, A. H. & Armstrong, E. J. Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy, 883 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011).\n21.\tFerrier, D. Lippincott\u2019s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, 6th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n22.\tStillwell, W. An Introduction to Biological Membranes: From Bilayers to Rafts, 326 (Newnes, 2013).\n23.\tAlberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Volume 1, 364 (Courier Corporation, 1989).\n24.\tBissonnette, B. Pediatric Anesthesia, 233 (PMPH-USA, 2014. \n25.\tBerg, J.M. et. Al. 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Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors, 199 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).\n11.\tBaynes, J. & Dominiczak, M. H. Medical Biochemistry, 172-179 (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014).\n12.\tEspinal, J. Understanding Insulin Action: Principles and Molecular Mechanisms, 44 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).\n13.\tCicchillo RM, Iwig DF, Jones AD, et al. Lipoyl synthase requires two equivalents of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to synthesize one equivalent of lipoic acid. Biochemistry. 2004;43(21):6378-6386.\n14.\tChatterjea, M.N. & Shinde, R. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th ed., 186 (JP Medical Ltd, 2011).\n15.\tStenesh, J. Biochemistry, 273 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).\n16.\tRussell, P.J. Biology: The Dynamic Science, Volume 1,166 (Cengage Learning, 2008)\n17.\tNelson, D. L., Lehninger A.L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th ed. (Macmillan, 2008). \n18.\tLodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Scott, M. P., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H. & Matsudaira, P. Molecular Cell Biology, 6th ed., 320 (W. H. Freeman and Company, 2008).\n19.\tAllen, M. J., Hawkridge, F.M. & Cleary, S.F. Charge and Field Effects in Biosystems-2, 77 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).\n20.\tTashijan, A. H. & Armstrong, E. J. Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy, 883 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011).\n21.\tFerrier, D. Lippincott\u2019s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, 6th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n22.\tStillwell, W. An Introduction to Biological Membranes: From Bilayers to Rafts, 326 (Newnes, 2013).\n23.\tAlberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Volume 1, 364 (Courier Corporation, 1989).\n24.\tBissonnette, B. Pediatric Anesthesia, 233 (PMPH-USA, 2014. \n25.\tBerg, J.M. et. Al. 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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, 2014).\n13.\tMelmed, S., Polonsky, K.S., Larsen, P.R., & Kronenberg, H. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 13th ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n14.\tStrauss, J.F. & Barbieri R.L. Yen and Jaffe\u2019s Reproductive Endocrinology, 7th ed. 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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (Mc-Graw Hill, 2012). \n12.\tMoore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M.R. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, 2014).\n13.\tMelmed, S., Polonsky, K.S., Larsen, P.R., & Kronenberg, H. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 13th ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n14.\tStrauss, J.F. & Barbieri R.L. Yen and Jaffe\u2019s Reproductive Endocrinology, 7th ed. 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Medical Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2009).\n2.\tCostanzo, L.S. Physiology, 5th ed. (Elsevier, 2014). \n3.\tHall, J.E. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. (2016).\n4.\tMulroney, S.E., & Myers, A.K. Netter\u2019s Essential Physiology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2016).\n5.\tSilverthorn, D.U. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. (Pearson, 2016).\n6.\tSherwood, L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 7th ed. (Brooks\/Cole, 2010). \n7.\tEroshenko, V.P. DiFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 11th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). \n8.\tRhoades, R.A. & Bell, D.R. Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014). \n9.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier, 2013). \n10.\tMarieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. (Pearson, 2016). \n11.\tMcKinley, M. & O\u2019Loughlin, V.D. Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. 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Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology, 3rd ed. (Elsevier Saunders, 2012).\n2.\tYoung, B., O\u2019Dowd, & Woodford, P. Wheater\u2019s Functional Histology: A Text and Color Atlas. (Elsevier Churchill Livingston, 2014).\n3.\tOvalle, W.K. & Nahirney, P.C. Netter\u2019s Essential Histology, 2nd ed. (Elsevier Saunders, 2013). \n4.\tEroschenko, V.P. diFiore\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 12th ed. (Wolters Kluwer, 2013). \n5.\tMeschner A.L. Junqueira\u2019s Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 12th ed. (McGraw Hill, 2010). \n"},{"id":"2089","urlId":"inflammation","name":"Inflammation","tutorials":[{"id":"1446","urlId":"acute-inflammatory-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Acute Inflammation - Advanced","duration":"644","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1446-1695219328882.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1447","urlId":"chronic-inflammation","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Chronic Inflammation","thumb":"tutorial\/thumb\/1447-1536173800715.png","duration":"380","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1447-1695652516499.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"Includes inflammation and immunity\n\n\u201c070600 The Immune System.\u201d ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY, 2000, 14.\nAkira, Shizuo, Satoshi Uematsu, and Osamu Takeuchi. \u201cPathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity.\u201d Cell 124, no. 4 (February 2006): 783\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015.\nBradding, Peter. \u201cAsthma: Eosinophil Disease, Mast Cell Disease, or Both?\u201d Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 4, no. 2 (2008): 84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1710-1492-4-2-84.\nBrandstadter, Joshua D., and Yiping Yang. \u201cNatural Killer Cell Responses to Viral Infection.\u201d Journal of Innate Immunity 3, no. 3 (2011): 274\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000324176.\nDe Smet, Kris, and Roland Contreras. \u201cHuman Antimicrobial Peptides: Defensins, Cathelicidins and Histatins.\u201d Biotechnology Letters 27, no. 18 (September 2005): 1337\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-005-0936-5.\nEsensten, Jonathan\u00a0H., Ynes\u00a0A. Helou, Gaurav Chopra, Arthur Weiss, and Jeffrey\u00a0A. Bluestone. \u201cCD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 5 (May 2016): 973\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.04.020.\nFranchi, Luigi, Neil Warner, Kyle Viani, and Gabriel Nu\u00f1ez. \u201cFunction of Nod-like Receptors in Microbial Recognition and Host Defense.\u201d Immunological Reviews 227, no. 1 (January 2009): 106\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00734.x.\nGalli, Stephen J, Niels Borregaard, and Thomas A Wynn. \u201cPhenotypic and Functional Plasticity of Cells of Innate Immunity: Macrophages, Mast Cells and Neutrophils.\u201d Nature Immunology 12, no. 11 (November 2011): 1035\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.2109.\nGangwar, Roopesh Singh, and Francesca Levi-Schaffer. \u201cEosinophils Interaction with Mast Cells: The Allergic Effector Unit.\u201d In Eosinophils, edited by Garry M. Walsh, 1178:231\u201349. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-1016-8_20.\nGao, Bin, Won-Il Jeong, and Zhigang Tian. \u201cLiver: An Organ with Predominant Innate Immunity.\u201d Hepatology 47, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 729\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22034.\nGordon, Siamon, and Fernando O. Martinez. \u201cAlternative Activation of Macrophages: Mechanism and Functions.\u201d Immunity 32, no. 5 (May 2010): 593\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.05.007.\nGuirado, Evelyn, and Larry S. Schlesinger. \u201cModeling the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Granuloma \u2013 the Critical Battlefield in Host Immunity and Disease.\u201d Frontiers in Immunology 4 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00098.\nHaagsman, Henk P., Astrid Hogenkamp, Martin van Eijk, and Edwin J.A. Veldhuizen. \u201cSurfactant Collectins and Innate Immunity.\u201d Neonatology 93, no. 4 (2008): 288\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000121454.\nHoppe, Hans-J\u00fcrgen, and Kenneth B.M. Reid. \u201cCollectins - Soluble Proteins Containing Collagenous Regions and Lectin Domains - and Their Roles in Innate Immunity.\u201d Protein Science 3, no. 8 (August 1994): 1143\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pro.5560030801.\nIwasaki, A., and R. Medzhitov. \u201cRegulation of Adaptive Immunity by the Innate Immune System.\u201d Science 327, no. 5963 (January 15, 2010): 291\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1183021.\nJeffery, P. K. \u201cRemodeling and Inflammation of Bronchi in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.\u201d Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 1, no. 3 (November 1, 2004): 176\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/pats.200402-009MS.\nJohnson, Kelly E., and Traci A. Wilgus. \u201cVascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis in the Regulation of Cutaneous Wound Repair.\u201d Advances in Wound Care 3, no. 10 (October 2014): 647\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/wound.2013.0517.\nJutel, M., and C. A. Akdis. \u201cImmunological Mechanisms of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Immunological Mechanisms of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy.\u201d Allergy 66, no. 6 (June 2011): 725\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02589.x.\nKisilevsky, Robert, and Paul N. Manley. \u201cAcute-Phase Serum Amyloid A: Perspectives on Its Physiological and Pathological Roles.\u201d Amyloid 19, no. 1 (March 2012): 5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13506129.2011.654294.\nKlein, Ludger, Bruno Kyewski, Paul M. Allen, and Kristin A. Hogquist. \u201cPositive and Negative Selection of the T Cell Repertoire: What Thymocytes See (and Don\u2019t See).\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 14, no. 6 (June 2014): 377\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3667.\nKrammer, Peter H., R\u00fcdiger Arnold, and Inna N. Lavrik. \u201cLife and Death in Peripheral T Cells.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 7, no. 7 (July 2007): 532\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri2115.\nKumar, Himanshu, Taro Kawai, and Shizuo Akira. \u201cPathogen Recognition by the Innate Immune System.\u201d International Reviews of Immunology 30, no. 1 (January 2011): 16\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08830185.2010.529976.\nKurts, Christian, Ulf Panzer, Hans-Joachim Anders, and Andrew J. Rees. \u201cThe Immune System and Kidney Disease: Basic Concepts and Clinical Implications.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 13, no. 10 (September 16, 2013): 738\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3523.\nLemanske, Robert F., and William W. Busse. \u201cAsthma: Clinical Expression and Molecular Mechanisms.\u201d Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): S95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.047.\nLevy, Revital, Ziv Rotfogel, Dalia Hillman, Andrey Popugailo, Gila Arad, Emmanuelle Supper, Farhat Osman, and Raymond Kaempfer. \u201cSuperantigens Hyperinduce Inflammatory Cytokines by Enhancing the B7-2\/CD28 Costimulatory Receptor Interaction.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (October 18, 2016): E6437\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1603321113.\nLi, Ming O., and Alexander Y. Rudensky. \u201cT Cell Receptor Signalling in the Control of Regulatory T Cell Differentiation and Function.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 16, no. 4 (March 30, 2016): 220\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2016.26.\nLitvack, Michael L., and Nades Palaniyar. \u201cReview: Soluble Innate Immune Pattern-Recognition Proteins for Clearing Dying Cells and Cellular Components: Implications on Exacerbating or Resolving Inflammation.\u201d Edited by Nades Palaniyar. Innate Immunity 16, no. 3 (June 2010): 191\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753425910369271.\nLu, Jinghua, Kristopher D. Marjon, Carolyn Mold, Terry W. Du Clos, and Peter D. Sun. \u201cPentraxins and Fc Receptors.\u201d Immunological Reviews 250, no. 1 (November 2012): 230\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01162.x.\nMalissen, Bernard, Claude Gr\u00e9goire, Marie Malissen, and Romain Roncagalli. \u201cIntegrative Biology of T Cell Activation.\u201d Nature Immunology 15, no. 9 (August 19, 2014): 790\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.2959.\nMantovani, Alberto, Subhra K Biswas, Maria Rosaria Galdiero, Antonio Sica, and Massimo Locati. \u201cMacrophage Plasticity and Polarization in Tissue Repair and Remodelling: Macrophage Plasticity and Polarization in Tissue Repair and Remodelling.\u201d The Journal of Pathology 229, no. 2 (January 2013): 176\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.4133.\nMartinez, Fernando O., and Siamon Gordon. \u201cThe M1 and M2 Paradigm of Macrophage Activation: Time for Reassessment.\u201d F1000Prime Reports 6 (March 3, 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12703\/P6-13.\nMcCoy, Kathy D, and Graham Le Gros. \u201cThe Role of CTLA-4 in the Regulation of T Cell Immune Responses.\u201d Immunology and Cell Biology 77, no. 1 (February 1999): 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00795.x.\nMoser, Muriel, and Oberdan Leo. \u201cKey Concepts in Immunology.\u201d Vaccine 28 (August 2010): C2\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.07.022.\nMurdoch, Jenna R., and Clare M. Lloyd. \u201cChronic Inflammation and Asthma.\u201d Mutation Research\/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 690, no. 1\u20132 (August 2010): 24\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.005.\nMurray, Peter\u00a0J., Judith\u00a0E. Allen, Subhra\u00a0K. Biswas, Edward\u00a0A. Fisher, Derek\u00a0W. Gilroy, Sergij Goerdt, Siamon Gordon, et al. \u201cMacrophage Activation and Polarization: Nomenclature and Experimental Guidelines.\u201d Immunity 41, no. 1 (July 2014): 14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008.\nNeefjes, Jacques, Marlieke L. M. Jongsma, Petra Paul, and Oddmund Bakke. \u201cTowards a Systems Understanding of MHC Class I and MHC Class II Antigen Presentation.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 11, no. 12 (December 2011): 823\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3084.\nNovak, Margaret L., and Timothy J. Koh. \u201cMacrophage Phenotypes during Tissue Repair.\u201d Journal of Leukocyte Biology 93, no. 6 (June 2013): 875\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.1012512.\nQi, Q., Y. Liu, Y. Cheng, J. Glanville, D. Zhang, J.-Y. Lee, R. A. Olshen, C. M. Weyand, S. D. Boyd, and J. J. Goronzy. \u201cDiversity and Clonal Selection in the Human T-Cell Repertoire.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 36 (September 9, 2014): 13139\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1409155111.\nRadoshevich, Lilliana, and Olivier Dussurget. \u201cCytosolic Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling upon Infection.\u201d Frontiers in Microbiology 7 (March 14, 2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00313.\nRamakrishnan, Lalita. \u201cRevisiting the Role of the Granuloma in Tuberculosis.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 12, no. 5 (May 2012): 352\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3211.\nRussell, David G, Pere-Joan Cardona, Mi-Jeong Kim, Sophie Allain, and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Altare. \u201cFoamy Macrophages and the Progression of the Human Tuberculosis Granuloma.\u201d Nature Immunology 10, no. 9 (September 2009): 943\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1781.\nShah, C. \u201cSerum Amyloid A Is an Innate Immune Opsonin for Gram-Negative Bacteria.\u201d Blood 108, no. 5 (May 9, 2006): 1751\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2005-11-011932.\nShah, Divya K. \u201cT-Cell Development in the Thymus,\u201d n.d., 2.\nShamri, Revital, Jason J. Xenakis, and Lisa A. Spencer. \u201cEosinophils in Innate Immunity: An Evolving Story.\u201d Cell and Tissue Research 343, no. 1 (January 2011): 57\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-010-1049-6.\nSorensen, C. M., T. K. Hansen, R. Steffensen, J. C. Jensenius, and S. Thiel. \u201cHormonal Regulation of Mannan-Binding Lectin Synthesis in Hepatocytes.\u201d Clinical and Experimental Immunology 145, no. 1 (July 2006): 173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03101.x.\nSteel, Diana M, and Alexander S Whitehead. \u201cThe Major Acute Phaae Reactants: C-Reactive Protein, \u2019erum Amyloid P Component and Serum Amyl0id A Protein,\u201d n.d., 8.\nSun, L., J. Wu, F. Du, X. Chen, and Z. J. Chen. \u201cCyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway.\u201d Science 339, no. 6121 (February 15, 2013): 786\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1232458.\nTakaoka, Akinori, ZhiChao Wang, Myoung Kwon Choi, Hideyuki Yanai, Hideo Negishi, Tatsuma Ban, Yan Lu, et al. \u201cDAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor and an Activator of Innate Immune Response.\u201d Nature 448, no. 7152 (July 2007): 501\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06013.\nVivier, E., D. H. Raulet, A. Moretta, M. A. Caligiuri, L. Zitvogel, L. L. Lanier, W. M. Yokoyama, and S. Ugolini. \u201cInnate or Adaptive Immunity? The Example of Natural Killer Cells.\u201d Science 331, no. 6013 (January 7, 2011): 44\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1198687.\nWenzel, Sally E. \u201cAsthma Phenotypes: The Evolution from Clinical to Molecular Approaches.\u201d Nature Medicine 18, no. 5 (May 2012): 716\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.2678.\nWing, K., Y. Onishi, P. Prieto-Martin, T. Yamaguchi, M. Miyara, Z. Fehervari, T. Nomura, and S. Sakaguchi. \u201cCTLA-4 Control over Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Function.\u201d Science 322, no. 5899 (October 10, 2008): 271\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1160062.\nWynn, Thomas A., and Kevin M. Vannella. \u201cMacrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 3 (March 2016): 450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015.\nWynn, Thomas, and Luke Barron. \u201cMacrophages: Master Regulators of Inflammation and Fibrosis.\u201d Seminars in Liver Disease 30, no. 03 (August 2010): 245\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1255354.\nYanai, Hideyuki, David Savitsky, Tomohiko Tamura, and Tadatsugu Taniguchi. \u201cRegulation of the Cytosolic DNA-Sensing System in Innate Immunity: A Current View.\u201d Current Opinion in Immunology 21, no. 1 (February 2009): 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.005.\n\n"},{"id":"2061","urlId":"immunology","name":"Immunology","tutorials":[{"id":"1199","urlId":"immune-system-overview","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Immune System Overview","duration":"419","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1199-1695149044729.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1460","urlId":"innate-immune-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Innate Immune Response","duration":"469","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1460-1695234411987.png","hasQuizQuestions":7,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1459","urlId":"adaptive-immunity---humoral-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Adaptive Immunity - Humoral Response","duration":"556","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1459-1695750610746.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1461","urlId":"adaptive-immunity---cellular-response","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Adaptive Immunity - Cellular Response","duration":"705","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1461-1695758668088.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1464","urlId":"hypersensitivity-overview","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Hypersensitivity Overview","duration":"448","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1464-1695929012251.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1474","urlId":"autoimmune-disorders-overview","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Autoimmune Disorders (Systemic Overview)","duration":"577","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1474-1748353687273.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1473","urlId":"primary-immunodeficiency-disorders","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (Overview)","duration":"642","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1473-1695829919404.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":0},{"id":"1469","urlId":"pathophysiology-hiv","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Pathophysiology of HIV","duration":"549","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1469-1508877917403.gif","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1470","urlId":"hiv-life-cycle","format":"default","role":"default","title":"HIV Life Cycle (Advanced)","thumb":"tutorial\/thumb\/1470-1536173527033.png","duration":"627","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1470-1699912317956.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"Includes inflammation and immunity\n\n\u201c070600 The Immune System.\u201d ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY, 2000, 14.\nAkira, Shizuo, Satoshi Uematsu, and Osamu Takeuchi. \u201cPathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity.\u201d Cell 124, no. 4 (February 2006): 783\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015.\nBradding, Peter. \u201cAsthma: Eosinophil Disease, Mast Cell Disease, or Both?\u201d Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 4, no. 2 (2008): 84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1710-1492-4-2-84.\nBrandstadter, Joshua D., and Yiping Yang. \u201cNatural Killer Cell Responses to Viral Infection.\u201d Journal of Innate Immunity 3, no. 3 (2011): 274\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000324176.\nDe Smet, Kris, and Roland Contreras. \u201cHuman Antimicrobial Peptides: Defensins, Cathelicidins and Histatins.\u201d Biotechnology Letters 27, no. 18 (September 2005): 1337\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-005-0936-5.\nEsensten, Jonathan\u00a0H., Ynes\u00a0A. 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Sun. \u201cPentraxins and Fc Receptors.\u201d Immunological Reviews 250, no. 1 (November 2012): 230\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01162.x.\nMalissen, Bernard, Claude Gr\u00e9goire, Marie Malissen, and Romain Roncagalli. \u201cIntegrative Biology of T Cell Activation.\u201d Nature Immunology 15, no. 9 (August 19, 2014): 790\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.2959.\nMantovani, Alberto, Subhra K Biswas, Maria Rosaria Galdiero, Antonio Sica, and Massimo Locati. \u201cMacrophage Plasticity and Polarization in Tissue Repair and Remodelling: Macrophage Plasticity and Polarization in Tissue Repair and Remodelling.\u201d The Journal of Pathology 229, no. 2 (January 2013): 176\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.4133.\nMartinez, Fernando O., and Siamon Gordon. \u201cThe M1 and M2 Paradigm of Macrophage Activation: Time for Reassessment.\u201d F1000Prime Reports 6 (March 3, 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12703\/P6-13.\nMcCoy, Kathy D, and Graham Le Gros. \u201cThe Role of CTLA-4 in the Regulation of T Cell Immune Responses.\u201d Immunology and Cell Biology 77, no. 1 (February 1999): 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00795.x.\nMoser, Muriel, and Oberdan Leo. \u201cKey Concepts in Immunology.\u201d Vaccine 28 (August 2010): C2\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.07.022.\nMurdoch, Jenna R., and Clare M. Lloyd. \u201cChronic Inflammation and Asthma.\u201d Mutation Research\/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 690, no. 1\u20132 (August 2010): 24\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.005.\nMurray, Peter\u00a0J., Judith\u00a0E. Allen, Subhra\u00a0K. Biswas, Edward\u00a0A. Fisher, Derek\u00a0W. Gilroy, Sergij Goerdt, Siamon Gordon, et al. \u201cMacrophage Activation and Polarization: Nomenclature and Experimental Guidelines.\u201d Immunity 41, no. 1 (July 2014): 14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008.\nNeefjes, Jacques, Marlieke L. M. Jongsma, Petra Paul, and Oddmund Bakke. \u201cTowards a Systems Understanding of MHC Class I and MHC Class II Antigen Presentation.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 11, no. 12 (December 2011): 823\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3084.\nNovak, Margaret L., and Timothy J. Koh. \u201cMacrophage Phenotypes during Tissue Repair.\u201d Journal of Leukocyte Biology 93, no. 6 (June 2013): 875\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.1012512.\nQi, Q., Y. Liu, Y. Cheng, J. Glanville, D. Zhang, J.-Y. Lee, R. A. Olshen, C. M. Weyand, S. D. Boyd, and J. J. Goronzy. \u201cDiversity and Clonal Selection in the Human T-Cell Repertoire.\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 36 (September 9, 2014): 13139\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1409155111.\nRadoshevich, Lilliana, and Olivier Dussurget. \u201cCytosolic Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling upon Infection.\u201d Frontiers in Microbiology 7 (March 14, 2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00313.\nRamakrishnan, Lalita. \u201cRevisiting the Role of the Granuloma in Tuberculosis.\u201d Nature Reviews Immunology 12, no. 5 (May 2012): 352\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3211.\nRussell, David G, Pere-Joan Cardona, Mi-Jeong Kim, Sophie Allain, and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Altare. \u201cFoamy Macrophages and the Progression of the Human Tuberculosis Granuloma.\u201d Nature Immunology 10, no. 9 (September 2009): 943\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1781.\nShah, C. \u201cSerum Amyloid A Is an Innate Immune Opsonin for Gram-Negative Bacteria.\u201d Blood 108, no. 5 (May 9, 2006): 1751\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2005-11-011932.\nShah, Divya K. \u201cT-Cell Development in the Thymus,\u201d n.d., 2.\nShamri, Revital, Jason J. Xenakis, and Lisa A. Spencer. \u201cEosinophils in Innate Immunity: An Evolving Story.\u201d Cell and Tissue Research 343, no. 1 (January 2011): 57\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-010-1049-6.\nSorensen, C. M., T. K. Hansen, R. Steffensen, J. C. Jensenius, and S. Thiel. \u201cHormonal Regulation of Mannan-Binding Lectin Synthesis in Hepatocytes.\u201d Clinical and Experimental Immunology 145, no. 1 (July 2006): 173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03101.x.\nSteel, Diana M, and Alexander S Whitehead. \u201cThe Major Acute Phaae Reactants: C-Reactive Protein, \u2019erum Amyloid P Component and Serum Amyl0id A Protein,\u201d n.d., 8.\nSun, L., J. Wu, F. Du, X. Chen, and Z. J. Chen. \u201cCyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway.\u201d Science 339, no. 6121 (February 15, 2013): 786\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1232458.\nTakaoka, Akinori, ZhiChao Wang, Myoung Kwon Choi, Hideyuki Yanai, Hideo Negishi, Tatsuma Ban, Yan Lu, et al. \u201cDAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor and an Activator of Innate Immune Response.\u201d Nature 448, no. 7152 (July 2007): 501\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06013.\nVivier, E., D. H. Raulet, A. Moretta, M. A. Caligiuri, L. Zitvogel, L. L. Lanier, W. M. Yokoyama, and S. Ugolini. \u201cInnate or Adaptive Immunity? The Example of Natural Killer Cells.\u201d Science 331, no. 6013 (January 7, 2011): 44\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1198687.\nWenzel, Sally E. \u201cAsthma Phenotypes: The Evolution from Clinical to Molecular Approaches.\u201d Nature Medicine 18, no. 5 (May 2012): 716\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.2678.\nWing, K., Y. Onishi, P. Prieto-Martin, T. Yamaguchi, M. Miyara, Z. Fehervari, T. Nomura, and S. Sakaguchi. \u201cCTLA-4 Control over Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Function.\u201d Science 322, no. 5899 (October 10, 2008): 271\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1160062.\nWynn, Thomas A., and Kevin M. Vannella. \u201cMacrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis.\u201d Immunity 44, no. 3 (March 2016): 450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015.\nWynn, Thomas, and Luke Barron. \u201cMacrophages: Master Regulators of Inflammation and Fibrosis.\u201d Seminars in Liver Disease 30, no. 03 (August 2010): 245\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1255354.\nYanai, Hideyuki, David Savitsky, Tomohiko Tamura, and Tadatsugu Taniguchi. \u201cRegulation of the Cytosolic DNA-Sensing System in Innate Immunity: A Current View.\u201d Current Opinion in Immunology 21, no. 1 (February 2009): 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.005.\n\n"},{"id":"2060","urlId":"viruses","name":"Viruses","tutorials":[{"id":"1200","urlId":"viruses-overview","format":"default","role":"default","title":"Viruses Overview","duration":"283","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1200-1458070713585.png","hasQuizQuestions":7,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1},{"id":"1201","urlId":"hiv","format":"default","role":"default","title":"HIV: Essentials","duration":"413","finalImage":"\/\/d1j63owfs0b5j3.cloudfront.net\/tutorial\/finalImage\/1201-1699898640139.png","hasQuizQuestions":8,"hasNotes":1,"hasStarterImage":1,"hasSlides":1}],"citations":"UNIT CITATIONS:\n1. 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